Git Version Control Basics: Core Differences Between Distributed and Centralized Systems
Version control is a core tool for managing code changes in software development, addressing issues such as multi-person collaboration and version rollback. This article compares centralized and distributed version control: Centralized version control systems (e.g., SVN) rely on a central repository, where all code must be uploaded and downloaded through a central server. They depend on network connectivity, have weak offline capabilities, and often lead to file conflicts when multiple users modify the same file simultaneously, which require manual resolution. In distributed version control systems (e.g., Git), each developer maintains a complete local repository, while the central server merely acts as a data synchronization hub. Git supports robust offline operations, enabling local commits and branching. It facilitates flexible collaboration, with conflicts marked by the system for autonomous merging, and ensures high data security due to multiple local backups. Key differences: Centralized systems depend on a central repository, whereas distributed systems feature local independence; centralized systems are constrained by network connectivity, while distributed systems allow seamless offline work; centralized collaboration requires central coordination, whereas distributed systems offer greater flexibility. As a mainstream distributed tool, Git excels with its local repository, offline functionality, and flexible collaboration, making it a standard in development. Beginners should master its basic operations.
Read MoreGit Submodules: The Proper Way to Incorporate Third-Party Code into Your Project
Git submodules are used to address issues such as version control loss, collaborative chaos, and code redundancy when a parent project reuses third-party code. The core idea is to embed an independent sub-repository within the parent project, which only records the location and version information of the submodule, facilitating independent tracking of updates. Basic usage: After initializing the parent project, use `git submodule add` to add a third-party repository as a submodule (generating the `.gitmodules` file to record configurations). When cloning a parent project containing submodules, use `--recursive` or manually execute `git submodule update` to pull the submodule code. Submodules can be modified and updated independently, while the parent project needs to commit new references to the submodule to synchronize versions. Note: Submodules do not update automatically; you need to manually enter the submodule directory, execute `git pull`, and then commit the parent project. For multi-person collaboration, `.gitmodules` and submodule versions must be shared to ensure consistent paths and versions. Submodules differ from subtree merging, where the former is maintained independently, while the latter merges code into the parent project.
Read MoreGit stash: Scenarios and Operations for Temporarily Saving Uncommitted Code
Git stash is used to temporarily save uncommitted work progress, solving code management issues when switching branches or handling other tasks. Common scenarios include when an urgent repair for an online bug is needed during development, or when temporarily dealing with a simple task, allowing the current modifications to be safely saved. Core operations: Use `git stash save "message"` to save uncommitted changes; use `git stash list` to view the list of saved stashes; use `git stash pop` (restore and delete) or `git stash apply` (restore and keep) to restore the most recent stash; use `git stash drop` to delete a specific stash, and `git stash clear` to delete all stashes. The `-u` parameter can save untracked files. Note: Stash does not save untracked files; for long-term work progress, it is recommended to use `git commit` to avoid relying on stash. Mastering these operations allows flexible management of the development process and ensures code safety.
Read MoreGit Commit Message Specification: Enhancing Team Collaboration Efficiency
In daily development, standardized Git commit messages are crucial for team collaboration and issue tracking, as non-standardized messages can lead to version history chaos. The current mainstream specification is Conventional Commits, with the following structure: mandatory type (e.g., `feat` for new features, `fix` for bug fixes, `docs` for documentation), optional scope (limiting module scope, e.g., `user module`), brief description (core content), optional body (detailed explanation), and optional footer (linking to issues or indicating breaking changes). Tools can help develop this habit: `commitizen` (interactive tool) or `commitlint + husky` (automatic pre-commit checks). The benefits of standardization include improved collaboration efficiency, automated version log generation, clear issue tracking, and early warning of breaking changes, making it worthwhile for teams to adopt.
Read MoreGit Quick Start: Master Basic Operations in 30 Minutes
Git is a distributed version control system (VCS) used to record file modification history, enabling team collaboration and personal history回溯 (retrospection). Its core advantages include version rollback (to prevent accidental modifications), multi - person collaboration (code merging), and local security management (operations first local, then cloud - based). Basic concepts are metaphorized by "areas": Working Directory (drafts), Staging Area (items to be committed), Local Repository (file cabinet), and Remote Repository (cloud - based shared library). Basic operations are divided into five steps: 1. Initialize the repository (`git init`); 2. Configure user information (`config`); 3. Track and commit changes (`status` to check status, `add` to stage, `commit` to save); 4. Version management (`log` to view history, `reset` to roll back); 5. Branch operations (`checkout - b` to create a branch, `merge` to combine branches); 6. Remote repository operations (`clone`, `push`, `pull`). The core principles are "timely commits, branch management, and version rollback", with a key command chain: `init→add→commit→log/reset→branch→push/pull`. Basic operations can be mastered in 30 minutes. For common issues like modifying commit messages, use `--amend`.
Read MoreGit Ignore Files: Other Exclusion Methods Besides .gitignore
Git, besides `.gitignore`, offers multiple ways to ignore files for different scenarios. `.git/info/exclude` is only for the local repository and its rules are not shared; directly add ignore rules here (e.g., personal IDE configurations). `git update-index --assume-unchanged` is used for tracked files to prevent Git from checking modifications (e.g., local configuration files). `--skip-worktree` is stricter, prohibiting Git from tracking sensitive files (e.g., passwords). `git rm --cached` can remove a tracked file from the repository while keeping it locally. Selection guide: Use `.gitignore` for daily general rules to share them, use `.git/info/exclude` for local personal needs, apply the above two for ignoring already tracked files, and use `git rm --cached` to remove files. Mastering these allows flexible management of the tracking scope, avoiding repository bloat or information leakage.
Read MoreGit Repository Backup: A Comprehensive Plan for Regular Backups and Restorations
Git repository backup is crucial for ensuring code security, as it encompasses code, historical records, and branch information. Local corruption, accidental deletion by remote users, or platform failures can all lead to code loss, making regular backups essential. The core principles include multiple backups (local + remote), regular execution, and verification of recovery. For local backups: Copy the repository folder (using `cp -r` for Linux/Mac and direct copying for Windows), with regular updates. For remote backups: Utilize multi-platform backup strategies (e.g., associating two remote addresses) and export using `git bundle` to mitigate platform-specific risks. Automated backups are more reliable: Use `crontab` for Linux/Mac to schedule scripts, and Task Scheduler for Windows. In case of recovery, local corruption can be addressed by overwriting with backups, while remote corruption can be resolved by cloning or using `bundle` files. Key considerations: Separate backup paths, retain the `.git` directory, and conduct regular recovery tests. Adopting the habit of "regular local copying + multi-platform remote backups" ensures code security.
Read MoreGit Log Viewing: log Command Parameters and Commit History Analysis
This article introduces the importance and usage of Git logs. Viewing Git logs allows you to understand commit records (who, when, and what was modified), project iteration trajectories, and also helps in locating issues. The basic command `git log` displays commit IDs, authors, times, and commit messages. Common parameters include: `--oneline` for simplified display, showing one commit per line; `-p` to display code differences (diff); `-n` to limit the number of commits (e.g., `-n 3`); `--graph` for graphical representation of branch merges; `--author` to filter by author, `--since`/`--before` to filter by time range; and `--color` for colored output. When analyzing logs, you can quickly pinpoint issues and understand branch logic. Clear commit messages (e.g., "Fix login button") can enhance collaboration efficiency. Mastering these parameters is key to efficient version control.
Read MoreDetailed Explanation of Git Workflow: Complete Process from Feature Branches to Main Branch
Git workflow serves as the "traffic rules" for team collaboration, stipulating code submission, merging, and version management rules to ensure orderly collaboration. A simplified Git Flow strategy is recommended: the main branch (`main`) stores stable deployable code, feature branches (e.g., `feature/xxx`) are developed independently, and merged into the main branch after completion and testing. Essential basic commands include cloning, creating a branch (`git checkout -b`), staging (`git add .`), committing (`git commit`), pulling (`git pull`), merging (`git merge`), and pushing (`git push`). Taking the development of the login feature as an example, the complete workflow steps are: 1. Ensure the main branch (`main`) is up-to-date (`git checkout main` + `git pull`); 2. Create a feature branch (`git checkout -b feature/login`); 3. After development, commit (`git status` + `add` + `commit`); 4. Synchronize with main branch updates (pull main branch and merge); 5. Push the feature branch to the remote; 6. Merge into the main branch (via PR if applicable) and clean up the branch. When conflicts occur, manually edit the conflict file (remove `<<<<<<<`
Read More详解 Git 重置（Reset）操作：硬重置、软重置与混合重置 详解 Git Reset Operations: Hard, Soft, and Mixed Resets
In Git, "Reset" is used to undo or modify commit history by adjusting branch pointers and the state of the working directory/staging area. Beginners often make mistakes due to confusion about the different types. The following outlines the three common types and their core distinctions: **Soft Reset (--soft)** Only moves the HEAD pointer while preserving the working directory and staging area. Useful for modifying commit messages or re-staging changes for re-commit (e.g., `git reset --soft HEAD~1`). **Mixed Reset (default --mixed)** Moves the HEAD and resets the staging area, but retains the working directory. Ideal for undoing commits and reorganizing changes before re-committing (no parameters needed by default). **Hard Reset (--hard)** Moves the HEAD and completely resets the staging area and working directory, permanently discarding all modifications. Use only when certain changes are unnecessary (e.g., `git reset --hard HEAD~1`), as this operation is irreversible. **Key Distinctions**: - Reset modifies local commit history (suitable for unshared changes). - Revert creates new commits (use when changes have been pushed). - Hard reset requires caution: always confirm status with `git status` before use. Unbacked-up changes can sometimes be recovered via `reflog` (only applicable for unshared local commits). **Summary**: - Soft reset is lightweight for modifying history. - Mixed reset is the default and most commonly used. - Hard reset is dangerous and requires careful verification.
Read MoreSynchronizing Git Remote Branches: How to Pull the Latest Remote Branches and Update Local Repository
In a Git project with multi - person collaboration, syncing remote branches is to ensure that the local code is in line with the latest progress of the remote repository and avoid conflicts or missing new features. The core steps are as follows: First, ensure that the local repository is connected to the remote. Use `git remote -v` to check. If not connected, add it with `git remote add origin <address>`. Then check the branch status: remote branches with `git branch -r` and local branches with `git branch`. There are two methods to pull updates: Method 1 is `git pull` (the most commonly used), which directly pulls and merges the remote branch into the current branch. The steps are: switch to the target branch (e.g., `git checkout dev`), then execute `git pull origin dev`; Method 2 is `git fetch` + `merge`, first pull the updates (`git fetch origin dev`), then merge (`git merge origin/dev`), which is suitable for scenarios where you need to confirm the update content. If there is a conflict during pulling, Git will mark the conflicted files (such as `<<<<<<< HEAD` and others). You need to manually edit the files to delete the markers, then use `git add <file>` and `git commit` to resolve the conflict. Common issues: When there are uncommitted modifications causing conflicts, use `git stash` to temporarily store the changes before pulling; when there is no remote branch locally, use `
Read MoreGit Version Comparison: Practical Tips for Viewing Code Changes with the diff Command
The `git diff` command in Git is used to view code changes between versions, a fundamental and practical tool. It can compare differences between the working directory and the staging area, the staging area and historical commits, historical versions, and different branches. Core scenarios and corresponding commands are as follows: `git diff <filename>` for comparing the working directory with the staging area; `git diff --staged` for comparing the staging area with historical commits; `git diff <hash1> <hash2>` for comparing historical versions; and `git diff <branch1> <branch2>` for comparing different branches. Useful parameters include: `-w` to ignore whitespace changes, `--name-only` to only display filenames, `--stat` to show line modification statistics, and `--binary` to compare binary files. In the output, `+` indicates added content and `-` indicates deleted content. Mastering `diff` enables efficient management of code changes and helps avoid accidental commits.
Read MoreA Guide to Git Submodules: Managing Dependent Code in Projects
Git submodules are tools for reusing independent code (such as common libraries) in large projects, solving problems like duplicate copying and version synchronization. Core advantages include: space savings through code reuse, independent maintenance for easy modification and submission, and version specification by the main project to ensure consistency. Essentially, submodules are independent Git repositories, with the main project recording configurations and version references via .gitmodules and .git/config. Core usage steps: Add submodules to the main project using `git submodule add`; clone projects with submodules using `--recursive`, otherwise use `init+update`; commit main project references after modifying submodules; update with `git submodule update`; clean configurations when deleting submodules. Common issues: Empty repositories after cloning (supplement with `--recursive` or `update`), unupdated main project after submodule modifications (supplement with commits), version conflicts (agree on branches). Summary: Suitable for independently reusable dependencies, following the process: add → clone/update → modify and commit → update main project references, improving maintenance efficiency.
Read MoreGit and CI/CD: Implementing Automated Deployment and Testing with Git
This article introduces the core concepts of Git and CI/CD and their combined application. Git is a version control tool, like a "code diary," which records modifications, manages collaboration, and avoids conflicts and version chaos. CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery/Deployment) replaces manual processes with automation, enabling automatic testing and deployment after code submission to improve efficiency. The combination of the two is a "golden partnership": developers commit code to a Git repository, and CI/CD tools automatically trigger processes such as testing, building, and deployment (e.g., deploying a frontend project to Netlify using GitHub Actions). The combined advantages are significant: reducing errors (through automated testing), accelerating iteration (completing the entire process in minutes), lowering costs (reducing manual labor), and facilitating traceability (enabling checks on deployment sources). Git lays the foundation for version management, while CI/CD enables process automation. Their combination transforms development from manual to smooth, making it an essential skill in modern development.
Read MoreGit Common Commands Quick Reference: Remember These 10 Commands, Git Operations Will Be Easy
This article introduces 10 core and commonly used Git commands to help beginners quickly master basic operations. The core commands cover the complete workflow from initialization to collaboration: - **Initialization/Clone**: `git init` initializes a local repository, and `git clone` copies code from a remote repository; - **Modify and Commit**: `git add` stages changes (use `.` for a single file or entire directory), and `git commit -m "message"` commits to the local repository (with clear commit messages); - **Status and History**: `git status` checks repository status, and `git log` views commit history (`--oneline` for a concise format); - **Branch Management**: `git checkout -b branch-name` creates and switches to a branch, and `git merge branch-name` merges branches (note conflict handling); - **Collaboration Operations**: `git pull` fetches and merges remote code, and `git push origin branch-name` pushes a local branch to the remote. The core workflow is: Initialize/Clone → Stage modifications (add) → Commit → Branch management → Collaboration (pull/push). Beginners can gradually become proficient through practice, reducing version management chaos.
Read MoreGit Repository Cleanup: Methods to Delete Unused Local and Remote Branches
The article introduces the necessity, steps, and precautions for cleaning up useless Git branches. Necessity: reducing repository clutter, lowering the risk of accidental deletion, and saving storage space. Before cleaning, confirm permissions, check branch status (whether merged), and back up important branches. For local deletion: First, list branches with `git branch --merged main_branch` to filter merged branches. After confirmation, delete merged branches with `git branch -d branch_name`, and use `-D` for unmerged branches (high risk). For remote deletion: Directly delete remote branches with `git push origin --delete branch_name`, or use `git fetch -p` to clean up locally tracked remote obsolete branches. Advanced tips: Batch delete merged branches locally using `git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*\|master\|main' | xargs git branch -d`, and similar looping commands for remote branches. Precautions: Confirm if branches are in use by others, avoid deleting unmerged branches by mistake, and note that recovery is difficult after deletion. When regularly cleaning, confirm status first to ensure safety and efficiency.
Read MoreCollaborative Git for Multiple Users: A Collaborative Workflow to Resolve Team Code Conflicts
In collaborative software development with Git, conflicts can arise when multiple developers modify the same part of a file simultaneously, which is an inevitable磨合 issue in teamwork. However, with the right workflow, these conflicts can be effectively managed. Conflicts typically occur when key sections of a file are modified by multiple people (e.g., two developers changing the greeting message and variable names in the `greet()` function simultaneously). The resolution process involves 5 steps: 1. Synchronize with the remote repository using `git pull` before collaboration. 2. When conflicts are triggered, Git will notify you; use `git status` to identify the conflicting files. 3. Open the file to view conflict markers: `<<<<<<< HEAD` (local code) and `>>>>>>> branch-name` (remote code). 4. Manually remove these markers and merge the content based on business logic. 5. After resolution, use `git add` to stage the file and `git commit` to finalize the merge. Preventive measures include: - Small, focused commits (each commit addressing one functional change). - Frequent synchronization (pulling code daily before starting work). - Clear task division (avoiding concurrent modifications to the same module). The core principle is "prevention first, manual judgment, and verification after resolution." Git provides the necessary tools, but conflict handling requires effective team communication and collaboration.
Read MorePitfalls in Git Staging Area: How to Undo Accidental `add` of Files?
When an unintended file (e.g., temporary files) is added to the staging area using `git add`, it can be undone with `git reset`. The staging area acts as a temporary中转站 (transit station), where `git add` copies snapshots of files from the working directory. It is essential to understand its relationship with the working directory and the local repository (HEAD). Core command: `git reset HEAD <filename>` reverts the specified file version in the staging area to match the local repository (undoing the `git add` for that file), while preserving the working directory content. If `git add .` was mistakenly executed, use `git reset HEAD` to undo all staged files. To remove incorrect content from the working directory, `git checkout -- <filename>` can restore it to the staging area or the most recent commit version. Key distinction: `reset` only undoes staging area operations, while `checkout` restores working directory content. Remember: Use `git reset HEAD <filename>` (for individual files) or `git reset HEAD` (for all files) to undo staging. `checkout` may be necessary to handle working directory changes when required.
Read MoreGit Commit Message Specification: 3 Benefits of Standardizing Commit Messages
This article introduces the importance of standardizing commit messages, which has three benefits: first, it ensures clear version history; standardized descriptions (e.g., "fix: resolve login password prompt issue") enable quick location of changes and avoid inefficient debugging caused by ambiguous wording. Second, it facilitates smooth team collaboration; a unified format (e.g., "feat: add registration form validation") clarifies the purpose of each commit and reduces communication costs. Third, it simplifies the automatic generation of change logs; tools can categorize and count commits based on standardized information (e.g., "feat" and "fix") to produce clear version update records (e.g., generating CHANGELOG with standard-version), thereby improving release efficiency. Although standardizing commit messages requires developing a habit, it leads to more efficient version management, collaboration, and release in the long run.
Read MoreGit Version Control: Why Is Git Considered a Standard Tool for Modern Software Development?
Version control tools such as Git are central to modern software development, addressing issues of code change tracking, collaboration, and rollback. Git has become a standard due to its key advantages: its distributed architecture ensures a complete local repository, enabling most operations to be performed offline and enhancing flexibility; branch functionality supports parallel development, with main and development branches acting like independent drafts that do not interfere with each other; commit snapshots record timestamps of every modification, allowing for easy rollback at any time; and its lightweight, efficient design enables quick operations through differential comparisons, ensuring smooth local performance. Additionally, the mature Git ecosystem features widespread industry adoption, abundant open-source resources, and strong tool compatibility. Mastering Git resolves problems such as collaborative chaos, difficult rollbacks, and inefficient parallel development, making it a "must-have" skill for modern software development.
Read MoreGit Repository Clone Failed? Troubleshooting "fatal: unable to access" Errors
`fatal: unable to access` errors are common and caused by network issues, incorrect addresses, permission problems, proxy settings, or cached credentials. Troubleshoot using the following steps: 1. **Network Check**: Use `ping` to test connectivity to the repository domain name. Switch to a public repository or mobile hotspot to confirm network availability. 2. **Address Verification**: Re-copy the repository address (distinguish between HTTPS/SSH) and paste it into a browser to verify accessibility. 3. **Permission Issues**: Private repositories require authentication. For HTTPS, enter account credentials (or configure credential caching); for SSH, ensure SSH keys are pre-configured. 4. **Proxy Configuration**: In internal networks, check proxy settings and configure `http/https` or `socks5` proxy addresses or disable proxies if unnecessary. 5. **Clear Cache**: Remove outdated credential caches and reset `credential.helper` to avoid repeated incorrect input prompts. Following these steps will resolve 90% of cloning failures. If issues persist, contact your administrator or upgrade Git before retrying.
Read MoreGit Branching Strategies: Choosing and Applying GitHub Flow vs. Git Flow
Branch strategies address code conflicts and version management issues in multi-person collaboration, enabling more organized teamwork. The mainstream strategies are GitHub Flow and Git Flow. GitHub Flow is minimalist and flexible, with only two branches: `main` (the main branch) and temporary branches (e.g., `feature/xxx`). The process is straightforward: create a temporary branch from `main`, make modifications, and merge back to `main` via a Pull Request (PR), supporting continuous deployment. Its advantages include simplicity, efficiency, and rapid iteration, making it suitable for personal projects or scenarios requiring quick updates. However, it lacks version planning and is unsuitable for complex version management. Git Flow has clear division of labor with five branches: `main`, `develop`, `feature`, `release`, and `hotfix`. The process is strict, with fixed responsibilities for each branch and phases such as development, testing, and release. It excels in standardization, orderliness, and risk control, making it ideal for large teams or long-term maintenance projects. On the downside, it has a high learning curve and slower iteration speed. Selection recommendations: Choose GitHub Flow for small teams and fast-paced projects; select Git Flow for large teams or projects requiring version management. The core is to ensure smooth collaboration without sacrificing efficiency.
Read MoreMust-Do Before Git Commits: Check Changes, Stage, and Commit Message
### The "Golden Three Steps" Before Git Commit Before committing code, you need to verify the changes to avoid accidentally committing sensitive information or incomplete code. The core steps are as follows: **1. Check Changes** Use `git status` to view the project status, distinguishing between "modified but unstaged" and "untracked files." Use `git diff <file>` to check specific modifications (e.g., added/deleted lines), and avoid committing irrelevant content like temporary comments or debug logs. **2. Stage Changes** Use `git add` to stage files for commit. For a single file, use `git add <file>`; for all changes, use `git add .` (proceed with caution to avoid adding unintended files). If staging is incorrect, use `git reset HEAD <file>` to undo. **3. Write Clear Commit Messages** Before using `git commit`, clearly describe the purpose of the changes. For short messages, use `-m "description"` (e.g., "Optimize homepage title"). For complex content, open the text editor (default Vim) to write multi-line messages, ensuring conciseness and meaningfulness. Developing the habit of "checking - staging - writing messages" can prevent error - prone commits and improve team collaboration efficiency.
Read MoreGit Newbies' Pitfall Guide: These Basic Operation Mistakes You Must Know
This article summarizes common basic mistakes made by Git beginners and their solutions to help them avoid pitfalls quickly. Common mistakes in repository operations include: repeatedly executing `git init` (which overwrites configurations and causes confusion; only execute it once), and entering the wrong clone address (copy the platform address to avoid manual input). For file staging and committing: omitting or adding extra files with `git add` (specify filenames or use `git status` to confirm), not checking the status before committing (always run `git status` first), and providing vague commit messages (e.g., empty messages or "changed something"; use clear descriptions like "fixed button misalignment"). In branch operations: failing to stash changes before switching branches (use `git stash` or `commit`), merging the wrong branch (confirm the current branch), and deleting the current branch (switch branches first). Regarding pull and push: confusing `pull` and `fetch` (fetch first, then merge), not pulling before pushing (pull first to avoid overwrites), and insufficient permissions (check the address and SSH keys). For version rollbacks: mistakenly using `--hard` without stashing (stash first and use `reflog` to restore), and recovering after rollback (check `reflog` for version numbers). In conflict resolution: failing to remove conflict markers or deleting content randomly (retain content and remove only markers).
Read MoreDiagram of Common Git Operations: Complete Steps from Clone to Commit
This article introduces the basic operation process for Git beginners from cloning a repository to committing modifications. First, clarify three core areas: the working directory (unmanaged modified files), the staging area (a temporary storage area for commits), and the local repository (permanently records commit history). The process includes: 1. Cloning a remote repository (`git clone <URL>`); 2. Entering the directory and checking status (`git status`); 3. Modifying files (working directory operations); 4. Staging modifications (`git add [filename]` or `git add .`); 5. Committing to the local repository (`git commit -m "message"`); 6. Viewing commit history (`git log`); 7. Pushing to the remote repository (`git push origin [branch]`). A quick-reference cheat sheet for key commands summarizes core operations, emphasizing that Git enables collaboration and version management by tracking changes, with regular practice allowing rapid mastery of the basic workflow.
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