Git Version Control: Understanding the Underlying Logic of Snapshots and Version Evolution
This article introduces the core knowledge of version control and Git. Version control is used to securely preserve code history, enabling backtracking, collaboration, and experimentation, while resolving code conflicts in multi - person collaboration. Git is a distributed version control system where each developer has a complete local copy of the code history, eliminating the need for continuous internet connection and enhancing development flexibility. Git's core design consists of "snapshots" (each commit is a complete copy of the code state for easy backtracking) and "branches" (managing development in parallel through pointers, such as the main branch and feature branches). Its three core areas are the working directory (where code is modified), the staging area (temporarily storing changes to be committed), and the local repository (storing snapshots). The operation process is "writing code → adding to the staging area → committing to the repository". Basic operations include initialization (git init), status checking (status), committing (add + commit), history viewing (log), branch management (branch + checkout + merge), version rollback using reset, and collaboration through remote repositories (push/pull). Essentially, Git is "snapshots + branches". By understanding the core areas and basic operations, one can master Git, which supports clear code evolution and team collaboration.
Read MoreGit Common Commands Quick Reference: A Collection for Beginners
This quick reference is a beginner's guide to Git, covering the following core content: basic configuration (`git config --global user.name/email` to set identity, `git init` to initialize a repository); workspace and staging area operations (`git status` to check status, `git add [file/.]` to stage changes, `git commit -m "description"` to commit); branch operations (`git branch` to create, `git checkout -b` to create and switch, `git merge` to merge, `git branch` to list branches); remote repository (`git remote add origin [URL]` to associate, `git pull` to fetch and merge, `git push -u origin [branch]` to push); undo and recovery (`git reset HEAD` to unstage, `reset --soft/hard` to roll back, `checkout -- [file]` to discard modifications, `git stash` to save changes); viewing history (`git log --oneline` for simplified output); and common issues (manual resolution of conflicts by editing files followed by `add+commit`, and `stash` for incomplete work). The core is the basic workflow of `add→commit`, while branch and remote operations are key for collaboration, requiring practice to master.
Read MoreGit Repository Size Optimization: Techniques for Cleaning Large Files and History
The main reasons for a growing Git repository are committing large files (e.g., logs, videos), leftover large files in historical records, and unoptimized submodules. This leads to slow cloning/downloads, time-consuming backup transfers, and local operation lag. Cleanup methods: For recently committed but un-pushed large files, use `git rm --cached` to remove cached files, then re-commit and push. For large files in historical records, rewrite history with `git filter-repo` (install the tool, filter large files, and force push updates). After cleanup, verify with `git rev-list` to check for omissions. Ultimate solution: Batch cleanup can use `--path-glob` to match files. Large submodule files require prior cleanup before updating. Long-term optimization recommends Git LFS for managing large files (track large file types after installation to avoid direct commits). Always back up the repository before operations. Use force pushes cautiously in collaborative environments; ensure team confirmation before execution. Develop the habit of committing small files and using LFS for large files to keep the repository streamlined long-term.
Read MoreGit Submodule Update: Methods to Keep Dependencies in Sync
Git submodules are used to address the trouble of code reuse and avoid repeated pasting. The main repository only records the version and location of the sub-repositories, while the sub-repositories store the actual code. Their uses include team sharing of components, version control of third-party dependencies, and code isolation. Usage steps: To clone a repository with nested submodules, use `git clone --recursive`. To initialize and update submodules, use `git submodule update --init --recursive` (to recursively update nested submodules). To update submodules and pull the latest versions, execute `git submodule update --recursive`. After modifying a submodule, first commit within the submodule, then return to the main project, execute `git add <submodule directory>` and `git commit` to update the main project's reference. After pulling updates to the main project, synchronize the submodules. Common issues: If the directory is empty, initialize it. If the version is incorrect, perform a recursive update. If changes were made without syncing the main project, add and commit the reference. Submodules are like Lego parts—independent and reusable. The key points to remember are "clone with --recursive, update and sync with --recursive, and sync references after modifications."
Read MoreSummary of Git Undo Operations: Differences Between reset, revert, and restore
Git provides three undo tools: `reset`, `revert`, and `restore`. They have similar functions but different scenarios, so you need to choose based on the situation: - **git reset**: Adjusts the branch pointer and discards partial commits. There are three modes: `--mixed` (default, reverts the pointer and staging area, preserves the working directory), `--soft` (only reverts the pointer, preserves changes), and `--hard` (complete rollback, most dangerous). It is suitable for quick rollbacks of local unpushed changes. `--hard` is strictly prohibited for already pushed branches. - **git revert**: Creates a new commit to reverse the changes, preserving the original history. It has a simple syntax (e.g., `git revert HEAD~1`). It safely rolls back pushed branches without destroying the team's history. - **git restore**: Precisely restores files without affecting the branch. It can undo staging (`git restore --staged <file>`) or restore a single file to a historical version (`git restore --source=HEAD~1 <file>`). It replaces the old `git checkout --` and has a clearer semantic meaning. **Differences**: `reset` adjusts the branch pointer (risky), `revert` adds undo commits (safe), and `restore` restores individual files (precise). Decision mnemonic: For local unpushed changes... (Note: The original Chinese ends with "决策口诀：本地未推用" which is incomplete; the translation assumes the intended context of "For local unpushed changes, use...".)
Read MoreGit Commit Message Template: Standardizing Team Collaboration Submission Norms
### Why Unified Commit Specification is Needed? A unified commit specification addresses issues like difficult code reviews, chaotic version iterations, and failed automation tools. It ensures clarity on the purpose and content of each change, facilitating team collaboration. ### Specification Format (Conventional Commits) - **Type** (Required): E.g., `feat` (new feature), `fix` (bug fix), `docs` (documentation). Incorrect types mislead version management. - **Description** (Required): Concise (≤50 characters), verb-starting (e.g., "optimize", "fix"), avoiding ambiguity. - **Body** (Optional): After a blank line, detail the reason for the change, implementation details, or problem-solving process. - **Footer** (Optional): Link to issues (e.g., `Closes #123`) or note breaking changes. ### How to Create a Commit Template? - **Global Template**: Create `.gitmessage` in the user’s root directory and configure Git with `git config --global commit.template ~/.gitmessage`. - **Project-level Template**: Create `.gitmessage` in the project root and run `git config commit.template .gitmessage`. ### Tool Assistance for Enforcing the Specification - **Commit
Read MoreGit Remote Repository Migration: A Practical Guide to Migrating from SVN to Git
### Why Migrate: SVN, as a centralized tool, has limitations (requires network for commits, inflexible branch management, frequent conflicts). Git, a distributed version control system, supports local repositories, parallel multi-branching, and offline operations, improving team collaboration efficiency. ### Preparation: Install Git, SVN, and `svn2git` (via RubyGems, requires Ruby environment); create an empty Git repository on platforms like GitHub/GitLab; configure Git identity (`user.name` and `user.email`). ### Migration Steps (Taking GitHub as an Example): 1. **Export SVN History**: Use `svn2git` to convert, specifying the SVN repository URL and branch/tag paths (e.g., `--trunk=trunk --branches=branches --tags=tags`). An `authors.txt` file can map SVN authors to Git users. 2. **Push to Remote**: Navigate to the generated Git repository, link the remote address, then push all branches (`git push -u origin --all`) and tags (`git push -u origin --tags`). 3. **Verify Results**: Check branch lists, commit history, and file integrity. ### Common Issues:
Read MoreGit Repository Permission Management: How to Set Access Permissions for Team Members
Git repository permission management serves as the "access control system" for team collaboration, with the core goal of ensuring code security and preventing unauthorized modifications or leaks, while adhering to the principle of least privilege (allocating only the necessary permissions). Common permission categories include: Read (read-only access, suitable for new team members or documentation authors), Write (ability to commit code, for regular developers), and Admin (highest privileges, for project leads). Taking GitHub as an example, the setup steps are as follows: Navigate to the repository → Settings → Manage access → Add collaborator to assign permissions (select Write for regular members, Read for those needing only access, and Admin for project leads). For advanced management, branch protection rules can be configured (e.g., requiring PR reviews and CI tests before merging). Guidelines: Avoid overuse of high-privilege accounts, regularly revoke access for departing members, and use team groups for batch permission management. The core principle is to clarify responsibilities, apply the least privilege, and enforce branch protection, ensuring permissions are "just sufficient."
Read MoreGit and Code Review: Complete Process and Guidelines for Pull Requests
The article focuses on the key roles of Git and Pull Requests (PRs) in team collaborative development. Git enables version management through branches (parallel development), commits (saving code snapshots), and pushes (sharing code). As a collaboration bridge, the PR process includes: synchronizing the main branch to ensure the latest code, creating a PR after pushing the branch (with clear descriptions of the modification purpose, test results, etc.), waiting for code review (identifying issues and ensuring quality), and merging and cleaning up. Key specifications: making small, incremental commits to avoid large PRs, having clear commit messages, timely communication of feedback, and respecting review comments. Git and PRs facilitate efficient collaboration, improving code quality and team efficiency.
Read MoreGit Branch Renaming: Steps to Safely Modify Local and Remote Branch Names
### Guide to Renaming Git Branches Renaming branches is necessary to improve code structure clarity due to early naming inconsistencies, collaboration requirements, or logical adjustments. Ensure no uncommitted changes exist locally (`git status` for verification) and notify the team to avoid conflicts before proceeding. **Renaming a Local Branch**: Execute `git branch -m old_branch_name new_branch_name`, e.g., `git branch -m dev_old dev`. Verify with `git branch`. **Renaming a Remote Branch**: Since Git does not support direct renaming, follow these steps: ① Delete the remote old branch (`git push origin --delete old_branch_name`; irreversible, confirm content first); ② Push the local new branch (`git push origin new_branch_name`); ③ Optionally set upstream tracking (`git branch --set-upstream-to origin/new_branch_name`). Verification: Check remote branches with `git branch -r` and switch to test the new branch. **Notes**: Synchronize with the team when working collaboratively, rename after merging, and back up remote branches before deletion.
Read MoreGit Version Control Basics: Core Differences Between Distributed and Centralized Systems
Version control is a core tool for managing code changes in software development, addressing issues such as multi-person collaboration and version rollback. This article compares centralized and distributed version control: Centralized version control systems (e.g., SVN) rely on a central repository, where all code must be uploaded and downloaded through a central server. They depend on network connectivity, have weak offline capabilities, and often lead to file conflicts when multiple users modify the same file simultaneously, which require manual resolution. In distributed version control systems (e.g., Git), each developer maintains a complete local repository, while the central server merely acts as a data synchronization hub. Git supports robust offline operations, enabling local commits and branching. It facilitates flexible collaboration, with conflicts marked by the system for autonomous merging, and ensures high data security due to multiple local backups. Key differences: Centralized systems depend on a central repository, whereas distributed systems feature local independence; centralized systems are constrained by network connectivity, while distributed systems allow seamless offline work; centralized collaboration requires central coordination, whereas distributed systems offer greater flexibility. As a mainstream distributed tool, Git excels with its local repository, offline functionality, and flexible collaboration, making it a standard in development. Beginners should master its basic operations.
Read MoreGit Submodules: The Proper Way to Incorporate Third-Party Code into Your Project
Git submodules are used to address issues such as version control loss, collaborative chaos, and code redundancy when a parent project reuses third-party code. The core idea is to embed an independent sub-repository within the parent project, which only records the location and version information of the submodule, facilitating independent tracking of updates. Basic usage: After initializing the parent project, use `git submodule add` to add a third-party repository as a submodule (generating the `.gitmodules` file to record configurations). When cloning a parent project containing submodules, use `--recursive` or manually execute `git submodule update` to pull the submodule code. Submodules can be modified and updated independently, while the parent project needs to commit new references to the submodule to synchronize versions. Note: Submodules do not update automatically; you need to manually enter the submodule directory, execute `git pull`, and then commit the parent project. For multi-person collaboration, `.gitmodules` and submodule versions must be shared to ensure consistent paths and versions. Submodules differ from subtree merging, where the former is maintained independently, while the latter merges code into the parent project.
Read MoreGit stash: Scenarios and Operations for Temporarily Saving Uncommitted Code
Git stash is used to temporarily save uncommitted work progress, solving code management issues when switching branches or handling other tasks. Common scenarios include when an urgent repair for an online bug is needed during development, or when temporarily dealing with a simple task, allowing the current modifications to be safely saved. Core operations: Use `git stash save "message"` to save uncommitted changes; use `git stash list` to view the list of saved stashes; use `git stash pop` (restore and delete) or `git stash apply` (restore and keep) to restore the most recent stash; use `git stash drop` to delete a specific stash, and `git stash clear` to delete all stashes. The `-u` parameter can save untracked files. Note: Stash does not save untracked files; for long-term work progress, it is recommended to use `git commit` to avoid relying on stash. Mastering these operations allows flexible management of the development process and ensures code safety.
Read MoreGit Commit Message Specification: Enhancing Team Collaboration Efficiency
In daily development, standardized Git commit messages are crucial for team collaboration and issue tracking, as non-standardized messages can lead to version history chaos. The current mainstream specification is Conventional Commits, with the following structure: mandatory type (e.g., `feat` for new features, `fix` for bug fixes, `docs` for documentation), optional scope (limiting module scope, e.g., `user module`), brief description (core content), optional body (detailed explanation), and optional footer (linking to issues or indicating breaking changes). Tools can help develop this habit: `commitizen` (interactive tool) or `commitlint + husky` (automatic pre-commit checks). The benefits of standardization include improved collaboration efficiency, automated version log generation, clear issue tracking, and early warning of breaking changes, making it worthwhile for teams to adopt.
Read MoreGit Quick Start: Master Basic Operations in 30 Minutes
Git is a distributed version control system (VCS) used to record file modification history, enabling team collaboration and personal history回溯 (retrospection). Its core advantages include version rollback (to prevent accidental modifications), multi - person collaboration (code merging), and local security management (operations first local, then cloud - based). Basic concepts are metaphorized by "areas": Working Directory (drafts), Staging Area (items to be committed), Local Repository (file cabinet), and Remote Repository (cloud - based shared library). Basic operations are divided into five steps: 1. Initialize the repository (`git init`); 2. Configure user information (`config`); 3. Track and commit changes (`status` to check status, `add` to stage, `commit` to save); 4. Version management (`log` to view history, `reset` to roll back); 5. Branch operations (`checkout - b` to create a branch, `merge` to combine branches); 6. Remote repository operations (`clone`, `push`, `pull`). The core principles are "timely commits, branch management, and version rollback", with a key command chain: `init→add→commit→log/reset→branch→push/pull`. Basic operations can be mastered in 30 minutes. For common issues like modifying commit messages, use `--amend`.
Read MoreGit Ignore Files: Other Exclusion Methods Besides .gitignore
Git, besides `.gitignore`, offers multiple ways to ignore files for different scenarios. `.git/info/exclude` is only for the local repository and its rules are not shared; directly add ignore rules here (e.g., personal IDE configurations). `git update-index --assume-unchanged` is used for tracked files to prevent Git from checking modifications (e.g., local configuration files). `--skip-worktree` is stricter, prohibiting Git from tracking sensitive files (e.g., passwords). `git rm --cached` can remove a tracked file from the repository while keeping it locally. Selection guide: Use `.gitignore` for daily general rules to share them, use `.git/info/exclude` for local personal needs, apply the above two for ignoring already tracked files, and use `git rm --cached` to remove files. Mastering these allows flexible management of the tracking scope, avoiding repository bloat or information leakage.
Read MoreGit Repository Backup: A Comprehensive Plan for Regular Backups and Restorations
Git repository backup is crucial for ensuring code security, as it encompasses code, historical records, and branch information. Local corruption, accidental deletion by remote users, or platform failures can all lead to code loss, making regular backups essential. The core principles include multiple backups (local + remote), regular execution, and verification of recovery. For local backups: Copy the repository folder (using `cp -r` for Linux/Mac and direct copying for Windows), with regular updates. For remote backups: Utilize multi-platform backup strategies (e.g., associating two remote addresses) and export using `git bundle` to mitigate platform-specific risks. Automated backups are more reliable: Use `crontab` for Linux/Mac to schedule scripts, and Task Scheduler for Windows. In case of recovery, local corruption can be addressed by overwriting with backups, while remote corruption can be resolved by cloning or using `bundle` files. Key considerations: Separate backup paths, retain the `.git` directory, and conduct regular recovery tests. Adopting the habit of "regular local copying + multi-platform remote backups" ensures code security.
Read MoreGit Log Viewing: log Command Parameters and Commit History Analysis
This article introduces the importance and usage of Git logs. Viewing Git logs allows you to understand commit records (who, when, and what was modified), project iteration trajectories, and also helps in locating issues. The basic command `git log` displays commit IDs, authors, times, and commit messages. Common parameters include: `--oneline` for simplified display, showing one commit per line; `-p` to display code differences (diff); `-n` to limit the number of commits (e.g., `-n 3`); `--graph` for graphical representation of branch merges; `--author` to filter by author, `--since`/`--before` to filter by time range; and `--color` for colored output. When analyzing logs, you can quickly pinpoint issues and understand branch logic. Clear commit messages (e.g., "Fix login button") can enhance collaboration efficiency. Mastering these parameters is key to efficient version control.
Read MoreDetailed Explanation of Git Workflow: Complete Process from Feature Branches to Main Branch
Git workflow serves as the "traffic rules" for team collaboration, stipulating code submission, merging, and version management rules to ensure orderly collaboration. A simplified Git Flow strategy is recommended: the main branch (`main`) stores stable deployable code, feature branches (e.g., `feature/xxx`) are developed independently, and merged into the main branch after completion and testing. Essential basic commands include cloning, creating a branch (`git checkout -b`), staging (`git add .`), committing (`git commit`), pulling (`git pull`), merging (`git merge`), and pushing (`git push`). Taking the development of the login feature as an example, the complete workflow steps are: 1. Ensure the main branch (`main`) is up-to-date (`git checkout main` + `git pull`); 2. Create a feature branch (`git checkout -b feature/login`); 3. After development, commit (`git status` + `add` + `commit`); 4. Synchronize with main branch updates (pull main branch and merge); 5. Push the feature branch to the remote; 6. Merge into the main branch (via PR if applicable) and clean up the branch. When conflicts occur, manually edit the conflict file (remove `<<<<<<<`
Read More详解 Git 重置（Reset）操作：硬重置、软重置与混合重置 详解 Git Reset Operations: Hard, Soft, and Mixed Resets
In Git, "Reset" is used to undo or modify commit history by adjusting branch pointers and the state of the working directory/staging area. Beginners often make mistakes due to confusion about the different types. The following outlines the three common types and their core distinctions: **Soft Reset (--soft)** Only moves the HEAD pointer while preserving the working directory and staging area. Useful for modifying commit messages or re-staging changes for re-commit (e.g., `git reset --soft HEAD~1`). **Mixed Reset (default --mixed)** Moves the HEAD and resets the staging area, but retains the working directory. Ideal for undoing commits and reorganizing changes before re-committing (no parameters needed by default). **Hard Reset (--hard)** Moves the HEAD and completely resets the staging area and working directory, permanently discarding all modifications. Use only when certain changes are unnecessary (e.g., `git reset --hard HEAD~1`), as this operation is irreversible. **Key Distinctions**: - Reset modifies local commit history (suitable for unshared changes). - Revert creates new commits (use when changes have been pushed). - Hard reset requires caution: always confirm status with `git status` before use. Unbacked-up changes can sometimes be recovered via `reflog` (only applicable for unshared local commits). **Summary**: - Soft reset is lightweight for modifying history. - Mixed reset is the default and most commonly used. - Hard reset is dangerous and requires careful verification.
Read MoreSynchronizing Git Remote Branches: How to Pull the Latest Remote Branches and Update Local Repository
In a Git project with multi - person collaboration, syncing remote branches is to ensure that the local code is in line with the latest progress of the remote repository and avoid conflicts or missing new features. The core steps are as follows: First, ensure that the local repository is connected to the remote. Use `git remote -v` to check. If not connected, add it with `git remote add origin <address>`. Then check the branch status: remote branches with `git branch -r` and local branches with `git branch`. There are two methods to pull updates: Method 1 is `git pull` (the most commonly used), which directly pulls and merges the remote branch into the current branch. The steps are: switch to the target branch (e.g., `git checkout dev`), then execute `git pull origin dev`; Method 2 is `git fetch` + `merge`, first pull the updates (`git fetch origin dev`), then merge (`git merge origin/dev`), which is suitable for scenarios where you need to confirm the update content. If there is a conflict during pulling, Git will mark the conflicted files (such as `<<<<<<< HEAD` and others). You need to manually edit the files to delete the markers, then use `git add <file>` and `git commit` to resolve the conflict. Common issues: When there are uncommitted modifications causing conflicts, use `git stash` to temporarily store the changes before pulling; when there is no remote branch locally, use `
Read MoreGit Version Comparison: Practical Tips for Viewing Code Changes with the diff Command
The `git diff` command in Git is used to view code changes between versions, a fundamental and practical tool. It can compare differences between the working directory and the staging area, the staging area and historical commits, historical versions, and different branches. Core scenarios and corresponding commands are as follows: `git diff <filename>` for comparing the working directory with the staging area; `git diff --staged` for comparing the staging area with historical commits; `git diff <hash1> <hash2>` for comparing historical versions; and `git diff <branch1> <branch2>` for comparing different branches. Useful parameters include: `-w` to ignore whitespace changes, `--name-only` to only display filenames, `--stat` to show line modification statistics, and `--binary` to compare binary files. In the output, `+` indicates added content and `-` indicates deleted content. Mastering `diff` enables efficient management of code changes and helps avoid accidental commits.
Read MoreA Guide to Git Submodules: Managing Dependent Code in Projects
Git submodules are tools for reusing independent code (such as common libraries) in large projects, solving problems like duplicate copying and version synchronization. Core advantages include: space savings through code reuse, independent maintenance for easy modification and submission, and version specification by the main project to ensure consistency. Essentially, submodules are independent Git repositories, with the main project recording configurations and version references via .gitmodules and .git/config. Core usage steps: Add submodules to the main project using `git submodule add`; clone projects with submodules using `--recursive`, otherwise use `init+update`; commit main project references after modifying submodules; update with `git submodule update`; clean configurations when deleting submodules. Common issues: Empty repositories after cloning (supplement with `--recursive` or `update`), unupdated main project after submodule modifications (supplement with commits), version conflicts (agree on branches). Summary: Suitable for independently reusable dependencies, following the process: add → clone/update → modify and commit → update main project references, improving maintenance efficiency.
Read MoreGit and CI/CD: Implementing Automated Deployment and Testing with Git
This article introduces the core concepts of Git and CI/CD and their combined application. Git is a version control tool, like a "code diary," which records modifications, manages collaboration, and avoids conflicts and version chaos. CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery/Deployment) replaces manual processes with automation, enabling automatic testing and deployment after code submission to improve efficiency. The combination of the two is a "golden partnership": developers commit code to a Git repository, and CI/CD tools automatically trigger processes such as testing, building, and deployment (e.g., deploying a frontend project to Netlify using GitHub Actions). The combined advantages are significant: reducing errors (through automated testing), accelerating iteration (completing the entire process in minutes), lowering costs (reducing manual labor), and facilitating traceability (enabling checks on deployment sources). Git lays the foundation for version management, while CI/CD enables process automation. Their combination transforms development from manual to smooth, making it an essential skill in modern development.
Read MoreGit Common Commands Quick Reference: Remember These 10 Commands, Git Operations Will Be Easy
This article introduces 10 core and commonly used Git commands to help beginners quickly master basic operations. The core commands cover the complete workflow from initialization to collaboration: - **Initialization/Clone**: `git init` initializes a local repository, and `git clone` copies code from a remote repository; - **Modify and Commit**: `git add` stages changes (use `.` for a single file or entire directory), and `git commit -m "message"` commits to the local repository (with clear commit messages); - **Status and History**: `git status` checks repository status, and `git log` views commit history (`--oneline` for a concise format); - **Branch Management**: `git checkout -b branch-name` creates and switches to a branch, and `git merge branch-name` merges branches (note conflict handling); - **Collaboration Operations**: `git pull` fetches and merges remote code, and `git push origin branch-name` pushes a local branch to the remote. The core workflow is: Initialize/Clone → Stage modifications (add) → Commit → Branch management → Collaboration (pull/push). Beginners can gradually become proficient through practice, reducing version management chaos.
Read MoreGit Repository Cleanup: Methods to Delete Unused Local and Remote Branches
The article introduces the necessity, steps, and precautions for cleaning up useless Git branches. Necessity: reducing repository clutter, lowering the risk of accidental deletion, and saving storage space. Before cleaning, confirm permissions, check branch status (whether merged), and back up important branches. For local deletion: First, list branches with `git branch --merged main_branch` to filter merged branches. After confirmation, delete merged branches with `git branch -d branch_name`, and use `-D` for unmerged branches (high risk). For remote deletion: Directly delete remote branches with `git push origin --delete branch_name`, or use `git fetch -p` to clean up locally tracked remote obsolete branches. Advanced tips: Batch delete merged branches locally using `git branch --merged master | grep -v '^\*\|master\|main' | xargs git branch -d`, and similar looping commands for remote branches. Precautions: Confirm if branches are in use by others, avoid deleting unmerged branches by mistake, and note that recovery is difficult after deletion. When regularly cleaning, confirm status first to ensure safety and efficiency.
Read MoreCollaborative Git for Multiple Users: A Collaborative Workflow to Resolve Team Code Conflicts
In collaborative software development with Git, conflicts can arise when multiple developers modify the same part of a file simultaneously, which is an inevitable磨合 issue in teamwork. However, with the right workflow, these conflicts can be effectively managed. Conflicts typically occur when key sections of a file are modified by multiple people (e.g., two developers changing the greeting message and variable names in the `greet()` function simultaneously). The resolution process involves 5 steps: 1. Synchronize with the remote repository using `git pull` before collaboration. 2. When conflicts are triggered, Git will notify you; use `git status` to identify the conflicting files. 3. Open the file to view conflict markers: `<<<<<<< HEAD` (local code) and `>>>>>>> branch-name` (remote code). 4. Manually remove these markers and merge the content based on business logic. 5. After resolution, use `git add` to stage the file and `git commit` to finalize the merge. Preventive measures include: - Small, focused commits (each commit addressing one functional change). - Frequent synchronization (pulling code daily before starting work). - Clear task division (avoiding concurrent modifications to the same module). The core principle is "prevention first, manual judgment, and verification after resolution." Git provides the necessary tools, but conflict handling requires effective team communication and collaboration.
Read MorePitfalls in Git Staging Area: How to Undo Accidental `add` of Files?
When an unintended file (e.g., temporary files) is added to the staging area using `git add`, it can be undone with `git reset`. The staging area acts as a temporary中转站 (transit station), where `git add` copies snapshots of files from the working directory. It is essential to understand its relationship with the working directory and the local repository (HEAD). Core command: `git reset HEAD <filename>` reverts the specified file version in the staging area to match the local repository (undoing the `git add` for that file), while preserving the working directory content. If `git add .` was mistakenly executed, use `git reset HEAD` to undo all staged files. To remove incorrect content from the working directory, `git checkout -- <filename>` can restore it to the staging area or the most recent commit version. Key distinction: `reset` only undoes staging area operations, while `checkout` restores working directory content. Remember: Use `git reset HEAD <filename>` (for individual files) or `git reset HEAD` (for all files) to undo staging. `checkout` may be necessary to handle working directory changes when required.
Read MoreGit Commit Message Specification: 3 Benefits of Standardizing Commit Messages
This article introduces the importance of standardizing commit messages, which has three benefits: first, it ensures clear version history; standardized descriptions (e.g., "fix: resolve login password prompt issue") enable quick location of changes and avoid inefficient debugging caused by ambiguous wording. Second, it facilitates smooth team collaboration; a unified format (e.g., "feat: add registration form validation") clarifies the purpose of each commit and reduces communication costs. Third, it simplifies the automatic generation of change logs; tools can categorize and count commits based on standardized information (e.g., "feat" and "fix") to produce clear version update records (e.g., generating CHANGELOG with standard-version), thereby improving release efficiency. Although standardizing commit messages requires developing a habit, it leads to more efficient version management, collaboration, and release in the long run.
Read MoreGit Version Control: Why Is Git Considered a Standard Tool for Modern Software Development?
Version control tools such as Git are central to modern software development, addressing issues of code change tracking, collaboration, and rollback. Git has become a standard due to its key advantages: its distributed architecture ensures a complete local repository, enabling most operations to be performed offline and enhancing flexibility; branch functionality supports parallel development, with main and development branches acting like independent drafts that do not interfere with each other; commit snapshots record timestamps of every modification, allowing for easy rollback at any time; and its lightweight, efficient design enables quick operations through differential comparisons, ensuring smooth local performance. Additionally, the mature Git ecosystem features widespread industry adoption, abundant open-source resources, and strong tool compatibility. Mastering Git resolves problems such as collaborative chaos, difficult rollbacks, and inefficient parallel development, making it a "must-have" skill for modern software development.
Read MoreGit Repository Clone Failed? Troubleshooting "fatal: unable to access" Errors
`fatal: unable to access` errors are common and caused by network issues, incorrect addresses, permission problems, proxy settings, or cached credentials. Troubleshoot using the following steps: 1. **Network Check**: Use `ping` to test connectivity to the repository domain name. Switch to a public repository or mobile hotspot to confirm network availability. 2. **Address Verification**: Re-copy the repository address (distinguish between HTTPS/SSH) and paste it into a browser to verify accessibility. 3. **Permission Issues**: Private repositories require authentication. For HTTPS, enter account credentials (or configure credential caching); for SSH, ensure SSH keys are pre-configured. 4. **Proxy Configuration**: In internal networks, check proxy settings and configure `http/https` or `socks5` proxy addresses or disable proxies if unnecessary. 5. **Clear Cache**: Remove outdated credential caches and reset `credential.helper` to avoid repeated incorrect input prompts. Following these steps will resolve 90% of cloning failures. If issues persist, contact your administrator or upgrade Git before retrying.
Read MoreGit Branching Strategies: Choosing and Applying GitHub Flow vs. Git Flow
Branch strategies address code conflicts and version management issues in multi-person collaboration, enabling more organized teamwork. The mainstream strategies are GitHub Flow and Git Flow. GitHub Flow is minimalist and flexible, with only two branches: `main` (the main branch) and temporary branches (e.g., `feature/xxx`). The process is straightforward: create a temporary branch from `main`, make modifications, and merge back to `main` via a Pull Request (PR), supporting continuous deployment. Its advantages include simplicity, efficiency, and rapid iteration, making it suitable for personal projects or scenarios requiring quick updates. However, it lacks version planning and is unsuitable for complex version management. Git Flow has clear division of labor with five branches: `main`, `develop`, `feature`, `release`, and `hotfix`. The process is strict, with fixed responsibilities for each branch and phases such as development, testing, and release. It excels in standardization, orderliness, and risk control, making it ideal for large teams or long-term maintenance projects. On the downside, it has a high learning curve and slower iteration speed. Selection recommendations: Choose GitHub Flow for small teams and fast-paced projects; select Git Flow for large teams or projects requiring version management. The core is to ensure smooth collaboration without sacrificing efficiency.
Read MoreMust-Do Before Git Commits: Check Changes, Stage, and Commit Message
### The "Golden Three Steps" Before Git Commit Before committing code, you need to verify the changes to avoid accidentally committing sensitive information or incomplete code. The core steps are as follows: **1. Check Changes** Use `git status` to view the project status, distinguishing between "modified but unstaged" and "untracked files." Use `git diff <file>` to check specific modifications (e.g., added/deleted lines), and avoid committing irrelevant content like temporary comments or debug logs. **2. Stage Changes** Use `git add` to stage files for commit. For a single file, use `git add <file>`; for all changes, use `git add .` (proceed with caution to avoid adding unintended files). If staging is incorrect, use `git reset HEAD <file>` to undo. **3. Write Clear Commit Messages** Before using `git commit`, clearly describe the purpose of the changes. For short messages, use `-m "description"` (e.g., "Optimize homepage title"). For complex content, open the text editor (default Vim) to write multi-line messages, ensuring conciseness and meaningfulness. Developing the habit of "checking - staging - writing messages" can prevent error - prone commits and improve team collaboration efficiency.
Read MoreGit Newbies' Pitfall Guide: These Basic Operation Mistakes You Must Know
This article summarizes common basic mistakes made by Git beginners and their solutions to help them avoid pitfalls quickly. Common mistakes in repository operations include: repeatedly executing `git init` (which overwrites configurations and causes confusion; only execute it once), and entering the wrong clone address (copy the platform address to avoid manual input). For file staging and committing: omitting or adding extra files with `git add` (specify filenames or use `git status` to confirm), not checking the status before committing (always run `git status` first), and providing vague commit messages (e.g., empty messages or "changed something"; use clear descriptions like "fixed button misalignment"). In branch operations: failing to stash changes before switching branches (use `git stash` or `commit`), merging the wrong branch (confirm the current branch), and deleting the current branch (switch branches first). Regarding pull and push: confusing `pull` and `fetch` (fetch first, then merge), not pulling before pushing (pull first to avoid overwrites), and insufficient permissions (check the address and SSH keys). For version rollbacks: mistakenly using `--hard` without stashing (stash first and use `reflog` to restore), and recovering after rollback (check `reflog` for version numbers). In conflict resolution: failing to remove conflict markers or deleting content randomly (retain content and remove only markers).
Read MoreDiagram of Common Git Operations: Complete Steps from Clone to Commit
This article introduces the basic operation process for Git beginners from cloning a repository to committing modifications. First, clarify three core areas: the working directory (unmanaged modified files), the staging area (a temporary storage area for commits), and the local repository (permanently records commit history). The process includes: 1. Cloning a remote repository (`git clone <URL>`); 2. Entering the directory and checking status (`git status`); 3. Modifying files (working directory operations); 4. Staging modifications (`git add [filename]` or `git add .`); 5. Committing to the local repository (`git commit -m "message"`); 6. Viewing commit history (`git log`); 7. Pushing to the remote repository (`git push origin [branch]`). A quick-reference cheat sheet for key commands summarizes core operations, emphasizing that Git enables collaboration and version management by tracking changes, with regular practice allowing rapid mastery of the basic workflow.
Read MoreGit Distributed Version Control: Why Every Developer Needs a Local Repository
This article introduces the importance of local repositories in the Git version control system. Version control can record code modifications and avoid chaos. As a distributed tool, Git differs from centralized systems like SVN with its "central server" model, as each developer maintains a complete local code repository. A local repository is the `.git` directory on a computer, with core functions: it is offline-accessible, allowing commits and branch operations without an internet connection; it supports experimentation by safely testing new features in local branches; and it ensures data security by automatically backing up all modifications, preventing code loss due to server failures or power outages. Its value lies in: independence from the network, enabling more flexible work (e.g., writing code without internet access on the subway); preventing accidents, as rollbacks can be performed via commands like `git reset`; and enhancing collaboration efficiency by allowing local completion of features before pushing to the remote repository. The local repository is the core of Git's distribution model, and developers should attach importance to it (e.g., initializing with `git init`), as it is crucial for ensuring development flexibility and reliability.
Read MoreGit Version Rollback: A Secure Method to Recover Code from Erroneous Commits
In Git version control, if incorrect code is committed, you can revert to a previous version to recover. First, use `git log --oneline` to view the commit history and obtain the target version's hash value. The core methods for reverting are divided into three scenarios: 1. **Undo the most recent incorrect commit**: Use `git reset --soft HEAD~1`. This only reverts the commit record while preserving changes in the staging area and working directory, allowing re - submission. 2. **Revert to a specific version**: Use `git reset --hard <target - hash - value>`. This completely reverts the version and discards subsequent modifications (ensure no important unsaved content exists before operation). 3. **Revert errors that have been pushed to the remote**: First, revert locally, then use `git push -f` to force - push. This requires confirming there is no collaboration among the team. For collaborative work, the `revert` command is recommended. **Notes**: Distinguish between `--soft` (preserves modifications), `--hard` (discards modifications), and `--mixed` (default). For uncommitted modifications, use `git stash` to temporarily store and then recover them. Forcing a push to the remote is risky and should be avoided in branches with multiple team members collaborating. The key is to confirm the version, select the correct parameters, and operate remotely cautiously to safely revert from errors.
Read MoreBest Practices for Git Branch Merging: 5 Practical Tips to Reduce Conflicts
This article shares 5 tips to reduce Git branch merge conflicts: 1. **Clear branch responsibilities**: Assign specific roles to branches, e.g., `main` for stable code, `feature/*` for new features, `bugfix/*` for production issues, etc., to avoid overlapping merge scopes. 2. **Small, incremental commits**: Split tasks into minimal changes. Each commit should modify only a small amount of code, reducing merge differences and making auto-resolution of conflicts easier. 3. **Frequent main branch synchronization**: Pull the latest code from the main branch daily (`git merge` or `rebase`) to keep feature branches aligned with `main` and prevent divergence. 4. **Use `rebase` to organize commits**: "Replay" local commits onto the latest main branch code to maintain a linear commit history and minimize divergent conflicts (only applicable to branches not yet pushed to remote). 5. **Resolve conflicts correctly**: Understand the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers. Modify code and remove markers; consult colleagues if unsure. **Core principles**: Clear responsibilities, small commits, frequent synchronization, clean history, and proper conflict resolution can significantly reduce merge conflicts.
Read MoreThe Distinction Between Git's Staging Area and Working Directory: The Reason for `add` Before `commit`
This article introduces the core concepts, differences, and functions of the working directory and staging area in Git. The working directory consists of files that can be directly operated on locally (like a draft paper), while the staging area is an internal intermediate repository within Git (like a pending review express box). The key differences between them are as follows: location (the working directory is the local file system, while the staging area is internal to Git), editing methods (the working directory can be modified directly, while the staging area requires changes via commands), Git tracking status (the working directory is untracked, while the staging area is marked for commit), and visibility (modifications in the working directory are directly visible, while the staging area is only visible to Git). The process of "add before commit" is mandatory because the staging area allows for more selective commits: skipping the staging area and directly committing would cause Git to submit all changes in the working directory, potentially leading to accidental commits of incomplete work. By following the workflow of "modify → git status → git add → git commit", developers can achieve staged commits. As a buffer zone, the staging area helps developers flexibly control the scope of commits, preventing drafts or incomplete content from being accidentally committed and making code management more controllable.
Read MoreGit Remote Repository Connection: A Comparison of Advantages and Disadvantages of HTTPS vs. SSH
Git commonly uses two methods to connect to remote repositories: HTTPS and SSH. HTTPS is based on HTTP encryption and uses account password authentication. Its advantages are simplicity, ease of use, and good network compatibility, making it suitable for temporary access, public networks, or first-time use. However, it requires repeated password input and relies on password storage security. SSH is based on an encryption protocol and uses key pairs (public key + private key) for authentication. It offers advantages like password-free operations and high security, making it ideal for long-term projects with frequent operations (such as private repositories or internal company projects). On the downside, SSH configuration is slightly more complex (requiring key pair generation and addition to the remote repository), and the default 22 port may be restricted by firewalls. For applicable scenarios: HTTPS is recommended for temporary access and public networks, while SSH is better for long-term projects and frequent operations. Choosing the right method based on the scenario can enhance efficiency and security.
Read MoreGit Tags and Version Releases: Methods for Marking Important Project Milestones
Git tags are a tool that Git uses to create "snapshots" for specific commits. They can mark project milestones (such as version releases), facilitating version location, rollback, and team collaboration. Tags are categorized into annotated tags (recommended for formal versions, created with the -a -m parameters and a description) and lightweight tags (for quick marking without a description). Usage process: Creating tags (local and remote push), viewing (git tag), and deleting (local with git tag -d, remote via git push origin --delete). Version releases follow semantic versioning (major.minor.patch), with tags applied after stable versions, milestones, or urgent fixes. Tags are static snapshots, distinct from dynamic branches (e.g., master), enabling quick rollbacks to historical versions. Mastering tag operations and following a standardized version numbering system can enhance project management efficiency.
Read MoreGit Conflicts Explained: Why Do They Occur? How to Resolve Them Quickly?
Git conflicts are a common issue in collaborative work. When different versions modify the same file at the same location, Git cannot merge them automatically, requiring manual resolution. The core reason for conflicts is "modifications at the same location", such as multiple people editing the same file, version differences during branch merging, or conflicts between deletion and addition of content. Resolving conflicts involves three steps: First, after detecting a conflict, open the file and identify the markers automatically added by Git (`<<<<<<< HEAD` (your changes), `=======` (separator), `>>>>>>> branch-name` (changes from others)). Second, edit the content between the markers, choosing to retain or merge both parties' modifications. Third, execute `git add` to mark the conflict as resolved, then use `git merge --continue` or `git pull --continue` to complete the operation. Tools like VS Code can help quickly resolve complex conflicts. To prevent conflicts, develop habits such as frequently pulling code, committing in small steps, collaborative division of labor, and communication in advance. Remember the three-step process "identify markers → modify content → mark as resolved" to easily handle Git conflicts.
Read MoreGit Fetch vs Pull: Differences and Usage Scenarios
In Git, `fetch` and `pull` are commonly used commands to pull remote code. The core difference lies in whether they automatically merge, provided that you understand "remote tracking branches" (mirrors of remote branches on the local machine). - **`git fetch`**: Only pulls remote updates to the local remote tracking branches (e.g., `origin/master`) without automatic merging. You must manually execute `git merge`. It is suitable for first reviewing remote updates before deciding whether to merge and will not affect the local working directory. - **`git pull`**: Essentially combines `fetch` with an automatic `merge`. After pulling, it directly merges the changes into the current branch, which may require manual resolution of code conflicts. It is suitable for scenarios where immediate synchronization with remote updates is needed, but may overwrite uncommitted local modifications. **Core Difference**: `fetch` is flexible (review before merging), while `pull` is efficient (pull and merge immediately). Choose based on whether automatic merging is required to avoid issues caused by conflicts or uncommitted modifications.
Read MorePushing Code to Remote Repository with Git: How to Push Local Branches to GitHub/GitLab
The purpose of pushing code to a remote repository is to enable team collaboration, code backup, or hosting on remote platforms (such as GitHub/GitLab). The core processes and key points are as follows: **Preparation**: Ensure there are committed modifications in the local repository (`git add .` + `git commit -m "description"`), and the remote repository is already associated (default `origin`, established during cloning). **Push Commands**: - **First Push**: Specify the remote repository and branch using the syntax `git push [remote-repo-name] [local-branch-name]:[remote-branch-name]`, e.g., `git push -u origin dev` (`-u` automatically associates the branch for subsequent simplification). - **Subsequent Pushes**: If the branch is already associated, simply use `git push`. When branch names differ, use `git push origin local-branch:remote-branch` (e.g., `feature:new-feature`). **Verification and Troubleshooting**: After pushing, check the remote platform's webpage. Common issues: - Conflict: Resolve conflicts after `git pull` and then push again; - Permission: Verify account/repository permissions or re-enter credentials; - Accidental Push: If not yet pulled, use `--force` (note: use with caution).
Read MoreGit Ignore Files: Beyond .gitignore, What Other Methods Are There to Exclude Unwanted Files?
In addition to .gitignore, Git provides four flexible methods to control file ignoring: 1. **Local Exclusive Ignoring**: `.git/info/exclude` applies rules only to the current repository and is not committed. It is suitable for personal temporary ignores (e.g., IDE caches, test data). 2. **Global General Ignoring**: `core.excludesfile` creates a global rule file (e.g., ~/.gitignore_global) and configures Git to read it. All repositories automatically apply these rules, ideal for uniformly ignoring editor/system files (e.g., .idea, .DS_Store). 3. **Force Adding Ignored Files**: `git add -f filename` skips .gitignore rules and temporarily stages ignored files (e.g., for local sensitive configuration changes). 4. **Debugging Ignore Rules**: `git check-ignore filename` checks if a file is ignored, assisting in troubleshooting rule issues. Choose based on scenarios: use exclude for local temporary ignores, core.excludesfile for global uniformity, -f for temporary additions, and check-ignore for debugging.
Read MoreGit Version Control Basics: What is a Commit Hash? Why is It Important?
In Git, each commit generates a unique 40-character hexadecimal string called the commit hash, which serves as the "ID number" for the commit. It is generated by hashing the commit content (files, messages, timestamps, etc.) using a hash algorithm, and remains unchanged if the content remains identical. The significance of commit hash lies in four aspects: First, it uniquely identifies versions, facilitating the location of historical commits via `git log`. Second, it is the core for version rollbacks (`git checkout`/`revert`) and branch management, enabling the recognition of commit order. Third, it distinguishes modifications from different developers during collaboration to avoid confusion. Fourth, it is tamper-proof, acting as an "anchor" for historical records. For practical use, it is sufficient to remember the first 7 characters daily. These can be viewed through `git log` and used to operate commands like `git checkout`, `revert`, and `branch`. As a cornerstone of Git version control, commit hash ensures clearer historical tracking, rollbacks, and collaboration. **Core**: A unique 40-character hexadecimal string generated from commit content, critical for version management, collaboration, and rollbacks.
Read MoreGit Collaboration Standards: Unified Criteria from Branch Naming to Commit Messages
Git specifications can address team collaboration chaos and enhance efficiency. Branch naming is categorized: main/development branches are fixed; feature branches follow the format `feature/[ID]-[Feature]` (e.g., `feature/123-login-form`), bugfix branches use `bugfix/[ID]-[Issue]` (e.g., `bugfix/456-login-crash`), and hotfix branches use `hotfix/[ID]-[Issue]`. Commit messages follow the "Type: Subject" format, with types including feat (new feature), fix (bug fix), etc. For example, "fix: resolve login issue". Implementation involves using `git` commands to create, commit, and merge branches, while handling conflicts. Teams can enforce these rules through code reviews, pre-commit hooks, and PR templates. The core goal is to ensure traceability of branches and commits, facilitating issue localization.
Read MoreGit Commit History Viewing: Master the log Command to Trace Project Changes
Git log is a core tool for viewing commit history, enabling tracking of code changes, issue location, or version rollbacks. The basic command `git log` by default displays full commit records, including hash values, authors, dates, and commit messages. Common parameters enhance efficiency: `--oneline` concisely shows key information in one line; `--graph` visualizes branch merge relationships; `-p` displays code differences (diff); `--since/--before` filters by time (e.g., `--since="3 days ago"`); `--author` filters commits by a specific author; `--stat` counts modified lines. Combining parameters is more practical, such as `git log --graph --oneline --all` to view merge relationships across all branches, `-n 5` to limit to the last 5 entries, and `--grep="login"` to filter commits containing the keyword. Mastering these techniques allows efficient project change management and clear understanding of code evolution.
Read MoreA Guide to Git Submodules: Managing Dependent Code in Projects
Git submodules are used to manage independent code repositories within the main project, avoiding the hassle of manual copying and updates. They are independent sub-repositories within the main project, where the main project only records the location and version of the submodules, while the submodules are maintained independently. Its core advantages include: independent development and testing, precise version control, and shared reuse across multiple projects. The usage steps are as follows: adding a submodule (`git submodule add`, which generates .gitmodules and configures and commits in the main project); cloning the main project requires `--recursive`, otherwise manually run `git submodule update`; updating submodules (`cd into the subdirectory and git pull` or `git submodule update` in the main project); deletion requires removing the directory and cleaning up configurations and caches. Note: After updating, the main project needs to commit version changes to avoid the "detached HEAD" state of submodules. Collaboration should follow the update-commit-merge process. Mastering these operations enables efficient management of project dependencies, reducing repetitive work and version confusion.
Read MoreGit Branch Renaming: How to Safely Modify Local and Remote Branch Names
This article introduces methods for renaming Git branches, with the core being handling local branches first and then safely updating remote branches. Renaming a local branch is straightforward: first switch to another branch (e.g., `main`), execute `git branch -m oldbranch newbranch`, and verify. For remote branches, proceed with caution using the following steps: 1. Pull the latest code of the old branch (`git checkout oldbranch && git pull`); 2. Create and push a new branch (`git checkout -b newbranch && git push origin newbranch`); 3. Delete the remote old branch (`git push origin --delete oldbranch`); 4. Clean up the local old branch (`git branch -d oldbranch`) and tracking branches (`git fetch --prune`), then switch to the new branch. Verification can be done using `git branch` and `git branch -r`. Precautions include: notifying the team before renaming, ensuring uncommitted changes are addressed, having permissions to delete remote branches, and updating CI/CD pipelines for protected branches. The core principle is to first copy remote branches to new ones before deleting old ones to avoid collaboration conflicts.
Read MoreDetailed Explanation of the Relationships Between Git Working Directory, Staging Area, and Local Repository
The three core areas of Git (working directory, staging area, and local repository) have clear divisions of labor and work together to complete version control. **Working Directory** is the directory you directly operate on (e.g., a project folder), where you can freely modify files (add, delete, edit). It is the "operation site" visible to the user. **Staging Area** is a hidden temporary area (`.git/index`). You use `git add` to stage changes for commit, and you can preview or undo them (e.g., `git reset HEAD <file>`). It acts like a "transfer station/fridge". **Local Repository** is the `.git` directory, which stores project version history, branches, etc. Changes from the staging area are committed into version history via `git commit`, making it a "permanent storage room". The core workflow among the three is: **Modify → Stage → Commit**: Modify files in the working directory, stage them with `git add`, and commit to the local repository with `git commit`. Understanding this workflow allows you to manage code versions clearly and avoid operational chaos.
Read MoreGit Reset vs. Revert: Differences and Use Cases
In Git, "Reset" and "Undo" have different principles and impacts: Reset directly rewrites history, suitable for local, unpushed "draft" scenarios; Undo preserves history through new commits or recovery operations, suitable for error correction requiring trace retention (e.g., remote branches). Reset has three modes: `--soft` only moves HEAD without changing the staging area/workspace, ideal for amending commit messages; `--mixed` moves HEAD and resets the staging area, suitable for undoing mistakenly `add`ed files; `--hard` completely resets the workspace, ideal for discarding local incorrect modifications. Undo core principles focus on not rewriting history: `git revert` creates reverse commits to preserve remote history; `git checkout` restores files or branches; `git commit --amend` modifies the most recent commit; `git stash` stashes uncommitted changes. Key differences: Reset modifies history (local unpushed), Undo retains traces (remote or historical requirements). Pitfalls: Use Revert for remote errors, Reset for local unpushed, and cautiously use `--force`.
Read MoreGit Version Comparison: How to View Code Differences Between Different Versions
Git version comparison is a fundamental and commonly used operation, tracking code changes through diff tools to facilitate collaboration and management. Scenarios requiring version comparison include: locating development errors, checking the staging area before commits, understanding differences before merging branches, and confirming content before rolling back. Common commands and scenarios: 1. Differences between the working directory and the staging area: `git diff`; 2. Differences between the staging area and the most recent commit: `git diff --staged`; 3. Differences between two historical commits: `git diff <commit1> <commit2>` (supports relative commit names like `HEAD~n`); 4. Differences between two branches: `git diff branch1 branch2`; 5. Viewing the content of a single commit: `git show <commit-id>`. Graphical tools (such as VS Code, GitKraken) are suitable for beginners. Mastering commands for different scenarios enables efficient code version management.
Read MoreGit Remote Repository Configuration: Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Remote Repository URLs
This article introduces methods for managing Git remote repository addresses, suitable for beginners. A remote repository is a cloud-hosted Git repository (e.g., GitHub), where the local repository is associated with the remote via an address, supporting operations like push (pushing local code to the remote) and pull (pulling remote code to the local). ### Core Operation Steps: 1. **Check Association**: Execute `git remote -v`. If there is no output, no association exists. 2. **Add Address**: Use `git remote add [alias] [address]`. The default alias is `origin`, and the address can be copied from the remote platform (supports HTTPS or SSH formats). 3. **Modify Address**: When the address changes, run `git remote set-url [alias] [new address]`. 4. **Delete Address**: Use `git remote remove [alias]` or `rm`. After deletion, the association must be re-established by re-adding the address. ### Notes: - The address format must be correct (HTTPS includes `https://`, SSH starts with `git@`); - Aliases must be unique to avoid duplicates; - After modifying an HTTPS address, re-authentication of account credentials may be required; - After deletion, the association must be re-added to restore the connection. (Note: The original text ends abruptly with "Through `git remote -", so the translation includes the visible content only.)
Read MoreGit Pull Request (PR): Complete Process for Initiating a PR on GitHub
GitHub PR is a method for developers to submit code changes to the main branch, facilitating code review, historical record, and standardized collaboration. Before initiating a PR, local preparation is required: commit modifications (`git add . && git commit`), synchronize with the main branch (merge main branch code to avoid conflicts), and confirm the commit status. When creating a PR on GitHub, select the target branch (Base) and the modification branch (Compare), fill in the title and description, and link the PR to an Issue. The PR must undergo review and feedback for revisions, and after approval, it is recommended to use "Squash and merge" to keep the history concise. After merging, delete the source branch and synchronize locally. Pay attention to branch naming conventions, small and focused PRs, clear commit messages, and conflict handling. PR is a crucial part of team collaboration and code quality assurance.
Read MoreGit Branch Merging: Differences Between Fast-forward and Regular Merge, and Operation Methods
### Overview of Git Branch Merging Merging branches is a critical operation for integrating code in team collaboration, used to consolidate development results (e.g., functional modules) from different branches into the main project (typically the `master` branch). Git provides two merging methods: **Fast-forward Merge**: When the main branch (e.g., `master`) has no new commits, the history of the merged branch extends linearly with the main branch. Git directly advances the main branch pointer without creating a new commit. This method is simple, conflict-free, and suitable for merging after independent development. **Regular Merge**: If both the main branch and the feature branch have new commits (i.e., a diverged history), Git creates a new merge commit during merging to integrate modifications from both branches. Manual resolution is required if there are conflicts in the same file. This method is suitable for merging after parallel development and clearly preserves the branch divergence history. Both methods are implemented via `git merge [branch-name]`, and Git automatically determines the merge type based on branch history. Fast-forward is ideal for simple scenarios, while regular merge is a practical solution for handling parallel development, ensuring clear branch divergence records.
Read MoreGit Clone Operation: Copying a Project from a Remote Repository to the Local Machine
This article introduces the Git clone operation, which is used to completely copy a remote repository project to the local machine. The core steps are as follows: **Prereparations**: First, install Git, configure your identity (`git config --global user.name/email`), and obtain the remote repository address (in HTTPS or SSH format). **Performing the Clone**: Use the command `git clone [remote URL] [local folder name]`. By default, a folder with the same name as the repository is created, and you can also customize the local name (e.g., `git clone [URL] my-project`). **After Clone**: The local machine will contain all project files and branch structures. The remote repository is by default marked as "origin", which can be verified using `git remote -v`. **Common Issues**: For permission/address errors, check the address or permissions. If the speed is slow, SSH is recommended. To clone only a specific branch, use the `-b` parameter (e.g., `-b dev`). To avoid entering passwords: use `credential.helper` for HTTPS, or configure SSH keys. Cloning is the first step in Git usage. Once mastered, you can develop locally and push/pull updates.
Read MoreGit Distributed Version Control System: Why is Git More Recommended for Team Collaboration?
In team collaboration, version control is key to resolving code chaos, conflicts, and other issues. As a distributed version control system, Git is more suitable for team collaboration than centralized systems like SVN. Its core advantages include: 1. **Distributed Architecture**: Each team member has a complete local repository, eliminating reliance on a central server. This enables offline work, ensuring flexible development even when the server fails and maintaining collaboration continuity. 2. **Branch Management**: Through branching, teams can develop different features (e.g., login page, homepage) in parallel. Modifications in independent branches do not interfere with each other, and merged into the main branch upon completion, preventing code overwrites. 3. **Commit Records**: Each commit automatically records the author, timestamp, and description, facilitating content tracking and improving efficiency in collaboration communication and problem troubleshooting. 4. **Conflict Resolution**: When multiple users modify the same file, Git automatically detects conflicts and indicates their locations, allowing users to manually select and retain content for intuitive and efficient resolution. 5. **Community and Tool Support**: As a mainstream tool, platforms like GitHub and GitLab offer rich features (code review, automated deployment), with abundant learning resources and easy access to solutions for issues. With its distributed architecture, branch management, and clear record-keeping, Git makes team collaboration safer, more efficient, and controllable, serving as a...
Read MoreGit Commit Specification: Format and Examples of Angular-Style Commit Messages
Standardizing Git commit messages is crucial for collaborative projects, enhancing team efficiency and issue traceability. The Angular style is a widely adopted specification, divided into three parts: **Header (Mandatory):** Follows the format `type(scope?): subject`. The `type` includes 8 categories such as `feat` (new feature) and `fix` (bug fix); `scope` is optional (e.g., `login` module); `subject` uses the imperative mood (e.g., `Add`), has a maximum length of 50 characters, and ends without a period. **Body (Optional):** Provides supplementary details about the changes, explaining "why" and "how" the changes were implemented. Separated from the Header by a blank line, with concise multi-line descriptions. **Footer (Optional):** Marks breaking changes (`BREAKING CHANGE:`) or closes issues (`Closes #123`). Separated from the Body by a blank line. Recommended tools include Commitizen (interactive generation) and commitlint (validation). Key considerations: standardized `type`, concise `subject`, and clear `Footer` for breaking changes. Standardized commit messages simplify collaboration and version management.
Read MoreSwitching Branches in Git Without Losing Code: Using Stash to Temporarily Store Uncommitted Changes
### Guide to Using Git Stash for Temporarily Stashing Changes When developing with Git, uncommitted modifications will be overwritten if you switch branches. Git Stash is a temporary storage tool that can save uncommitted changes in both the working directory and staging area, restoring a clean working directory for safe branch switching. **Core Operations**: 1. **Stash Changes**: Run `git stash` to temporarily save all uncommitted changes and clear the working directory (outputs a WIP record like "Saved working directory..."). 2. **Switch Branches**: Use `git checkout <target-branch>` to safely switch branches and focus on tasks. 3. **Restore Changes**: After completing work, switch back to the original branch and use `git stash pop` to restore stashed changes (removes the record); use `git stash apply` if you need to keep the record. **Additional Commands**: - `git stash list` to view all stashed records; - `git stash drop stash@{n}` to delete a specific record (where `n` is the index). **Conflict Handling**: If conflicts occur during restoration, manually resolve conflicted files (marked with `<<<<<<< HEAD` at the start), then execute `git add <conflict-file>` (Note: The original text may have been truncated here; the command should be completed as `git add <conflict-file>` followed by commit/resolution steps).
Read MoreGit Repository Backup: How to Securely Backup Your Project Code to a Remote Repository
Backing up a Git repository is to prevent code loss caused by hard drive failure, system crash, or accidental deletion. It is necessary to distinguish between local repositories (stored locally and managed by .git) and remote repositories (such as platforms like GitHub, which support collaboration). The backup steps are as follows: first, create a repository on a remote platform (e.g., GitHub) and copy its address; then, execute `git init` to initialize the local project root directory, use `git remote add origin [address]` to associate with the remote repository, and finally push the code with `git push -u origin main`. In daily operations, regular commits and pushes are required. Before collaboration, always pull (`git pull`) first to avoid conflicts. If the local repository is damaged, use `git clone` to restore from the remote repository. It is important to pay attention to branch name correspondence, correct addresses, permissions, and regular checks. The core is to synchronize the local and remote repositories. By developing good habits, secure backups can be achieved.
Read MoreSolving Common Git Error: "Your local changes would be overwritten by merge" – How to Fix It?
When encountering the "Your local changes would be overwritten by merge" error during `git merge`, it is because there are uncommitted modifications in your local branch. Git prevents the merge to avoid data loss. Solutions (in recommended order): 1. **Stash Changes (Recommended)**: Use `git stash` to save uncommitted modifications. After merging, use `git stash pop` to restore them (or `git stash apply` to retain the stash). 2. **Commit Changes First (Safe)**: Stage changes with `git add .`, commit them with `git commit`, then merge (suitable for scenarios where modifications are valuable). 3. **Discard Changes (Caution)**: Reset the working directory with `git reset --hard HEAD` (permanently loses uncommitted changes; confirm they are unnecessary first). If conflicts occur after merging, manually edit conflicted files (marked with `<<<<<<<` etc.), resolve them, then run `git add` and commit. ⚠️ Note: Prioritize stashing or committing. Always back up changes before discarding them. Confirm the necessity of changes before operation to avoid data loss.
Read MoreGit stash Stashing Function: Temporarily Save Uncommitted Code
Git stash is used to temporarily stash uncommitted changes in the working directory and staging area, avoiding conflicts when switching branches or pulling code. It saves the modifications and restores the working directory to the state of the most recent commit, without retaining branch information. Core commands: `git stash` to stash changes, `git stash apply` to restore the most recent stash (without deletion), `git stash pop` to restore and delete (recommended), and `git stash list` to view stashes. A practical scenario is urgent bug fixing: stash changes → switch branches to fix → restore stash. Note: Stash is temporary, and conflicts may occur during restoration. The difference between `pop` and `apply` is whether the stash record is deleted. Stash is not a branch. Master the core commands, clean up stashes after use, and keep the working directory tidy.
Read MoreGit Branching Strategy: A Detailed Explanation and Application Scenarios of the Git Flow Workflow
Git Flow is a branching strategy designed to address code management issues in collaborative environments, ensuring conflict avoidance and stable online versions by clarifying branch responsibilities. Core branches include: master (stable online code), develop (daily development integration), feature/* (new feature development), release/* (version release preparation), and hotfix/* (urgent online fixes). The workflow consists of three main types: 1. **Daily Development**: Feature branches are created from develop, merged back into develop upon completion. 2. **Version Release**: Release branches are created from develop, with bug fixes merged into both master and develop after stabilization. 3. **Emergency Fixes**: Hotfix branches are created from master, with fixes merged into both master and develop. Advantages include clear structure and version control, making it suitable for medium to large projects. Disadvantages involve a slightly complex process, which can be simplified for small projects. The core principle is "isolate changes, merge in order," and beginners are advised to start with a simplified version.
Read MoreGit and GitHub: How to Create a Repository on GitHub and Associate a Local Project
Git is a version control system that records file modifications and supports multi-person collaboration. GitHub is a web-based repository platform built on Git, used for code storage and collaboration. **Preparation**: Install Git (download from the official Windows website, use Homebrew or the official website for Mac, verify with `git --version`); register a GitHub account. **Create a Repository**: Log in to GitHub, click "+" → "New repository", fill in the name and description, select Public, check "Add README", and after creation, copy the repository URL (e.g., `https://github.com/username/project.git`). **Local Association**: Navigate to the local project folder, execute `git init` to initialize the repository; `git remote add origin [repository URL]` to associate with the remote. If there is a README, first `git pull origin main` to pull (to avoid conflicts); `git add .` to stage, `git commit -m "notes"` to commit, and `git push origin main` to push to the remote. **Core Commands**: `git init` (initialize), `git add .` (stage), `git commit -m "..."` (commit), `git push origin main` (push). **Common Issues**: Conflicts can be resolved by pulling; if the remote association is incorrect, first use
Read MoreGit Tag Usage Guide: Best Practices for Marking Important Versions
Git tags are permanent markers for specific commits in a Git repository, used for version management, quick rollbacks, and team collaboration. They differ from dynamic branches (which move with development, while tags are static points). Tags are categorized into two types: lightweight tags (simple, no extra information, suitable for temporary marking) and annotated tags (formal, containing creator details, comments, etc., for official releases). The creation commands are `git tag v1.1` and `git tag -a v1.0 -m "Comment"`, respectively. To view tags, use `git tag` (list tags), `git tag -n` (list tags with comments), and `git show v1.0` (view details). For management, local deletion is done with `git tag -d v1.0`, remote deletion with `git push origin --delete v1.0`, and pushing with `git push origin v1.0` or `--tags` to push all tags. Best practices include following Semantic Versioning (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH), prefixing with `v`, tagging only stable versions, ensuring tags are immutable, and synchronizing with the team. Proper use of tags ensures clear and controllable versions, facilitating collaboration and maintenance.
Read MoreGit for Beginners: Complete Process from Repository Creation to Project Deployment
This article systematically introduces the basic usage of Git, covering core concepts and operation processes. Git is a version control system that can record file modifications, prevent conflicts in collaboration, and manage branches, such as for paper backtracking or team parallel development. Installation methods include Windows (official website), Mac (Homebrew), and Linux (apt/yum). To configure identity, use `git config --global` to set the name and email. A local repository is created with `git init`, followed by staging with `git add` and committing with `git commit`. `git status` and `git log` can be used to check the status and history. For branch management, use `branch` to create, `checkout` to switch, and `merge` to combine branches, with conflicts resolved manually when necessary. Remote repositories (e.g., GitHub/Gitee) are associated using `remote add`, and synchronization is achieved with `push` and `pull`. During deployment, the code is pulled, built (e.g., `npm run build`), and then deployed using Nginx or Node.js. Commands like `init`, `add`, `commit`, `merge`, and `push` are essential to master. The core workflow is "local repository → branch → remote synchronization → deployment," and proficiency can be achieved through practice.
Read MoreGit Pull and Push: How to Keep Code Synchronized with Remote Repository
Git Pull and Push are core operations for synchronizing code between the local and remote repositories. Pull is used to fetch remote updates, while Push is used to share local modifications. Pull: The command is `git pull [remote repository name] [branch name]` (default remote is origin and branch is main), e.g., `git pull origin main`. Before execution, confirm the correct branch. If there are no updates, it will prompt "Already up to date". If there are updates, the local code will be automatically merged. Push: After completing local modifications, first stage the changes with `git add .` and commit with `git commit -m "description"`, then push using `git push [remote repository name] [branch name]`. For the first push, add the `-u` option to associate the branch (e.g., `git push -u origin main`); subsequent pushes can use `git push` directly. Key Tips: Pull before pushing to avoid conflicts. When conflicts occur, manually modify the conflicting files, then stage with `git add .` and commit before pushing again. Use `git status` to check the status before pushing. Pull updates the local repository, and Push shares your changes. Developing the habit of Pulling before Pushing can reduce conflicts and improve collaboration efficiency.
Read MoreGit Version Control Basics: What is a Version Control System?
Version control solves the problem of "breaking changes and being unable to revert" and multi - person collaboration. A Version Control System (VCS) is an "intelligent filing cabinet" that can record modifications, support rollbacks, and enable collaboration. VCS is divided into three categories: local (only for a single device), centralized (relying on a central server, such as SVN), and distributed (with a complete local copy, such as Git, which can be used offline and has flexible branches). Git is a mainstream distributed VCS developed by Linus Torvalds. Its core advantages include: fast speed, strong branch management (supporting parallel development), and tracking file differences (saving space). Its core concepts include: repository (local/remote), commit (snapshot recording modifications), and branch (parallel development path). Git can handle scenarios such as multi - person collaboration, historical rollbacks, and parallel development. It is an essential skill for programmers, making development more organized and efficient.
Read MoreGit Remote Repository Operations: SSH Key Configuration for Connecting to GitHub/GitLab
When interacting with remote repositories (such as GitHub/GitLab) using Git, SSH keys enable secure and convenient connections through public-key cryptography, eliminating the need to repeatedly enter passwords. **Core Steps**: 1. **Generate Key Pair**: Execute `ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "your_email@example.com"` in the terminal. Press Enter to accept the default path, and optionally set a passphrase for the private key (can leave blank for personal use). 2. **View and Copy Public Key**: Use `cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub` to view the public key content, then copy and paste it into the SSH key settings of the remote platform (e.g., GitHub: Settings → SSH and GPG keys → New SSH key). 3. **Add Private Key to SSH-Agent**: Launch the agent with `eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"`, then run `ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519` to add the private key. 4. **Test Connection**: Verify with `ssh -T git@github.com` or `git@gitlab.com`. Successful authentication will display relevant messages. **Advantages**: Password-free access and higher security compared to password-based authentication.
Read MoreGit Commit Message Guidelines: Why Write a Clear Commit Message?
Have you ever encountered vague Git commit messages like "modified" or "fixed a bug", making it difficult to review the details of changes? Clear commit messages can solve this problem. They serve as a "diary" for code changes, needing to explain "what was done" and "why it was done". There are four key benefits to writing standardized commit messages: quick recall (understand changes even after half a year), team collaboration (members quickly locate feature changes), automated tool support (generate version logs, automatically upgrade version numbers), and rapid bug localization (use `git bisect` to quickly narrow down issues during production problems). Start with simplicity for standardization: at minimum, include a "type + description". Common types include `fix` (bug fixes) and `feat` (new features). For advanced usage, consider the Conventional Commits specification, with the format `<type>[optional scope]: <description>`, which can include a body and footer. Beginners can start with "type + description" and use tools like `cz-cli` for assistance. Spend 10 seconds clarifying the core content before each commit, and consistency will improve code management efficiency.
Read MoreDetailed Explanation of Git Branches: Differences Between the Main/master Branch and Feature Branches
Git branches are a core tool for code management, with the main branch (main/master) and feature branches being the two most critical types. The main branch is the "cornerstone" of the project, storing stable code deployable to production environments. It is stable, reliable, read-only (only accepts merges), and long-lived, serving as the production baseline and merge target. Feature branches are "temporary side paths" for developing new features or fixing bugs. They are created from the main branch (e.g., feature/xxx), temporarily isolate development, focus on a single task, and are merged back into the main branch and deleted upon completion, enabling parallel development and risk isolation. The core differences between them are: the main branch is a stable baseline with temporary isolation; the main branch is the source, while feature branches are based on it; the main branch is read-only, while feature branches allow free development; the main branch exists long-term, while feature branches are discarded after completion. The correct workflow is to create a feature branch from the main branch, develop and test it, then merge it back into the main branch to ensure the stability of the main branch. Proper use of branches can improve efficiency and code quality, avoiding chaos in the main branch.
Read MoreGit Repository Initialization and Basic Configuration: How to Take the First Step as a Beginner?
This article introduces Git repository initialization and basic configuration. A Git repository is a special folder that records code changes. Initialization installs the Git monitoring system for it using `git init`, generating a hidden `.git` folder. The initialization steps are: open the terminal/command line, navigate to the project folder, and execute `git init`. For basic configuration, set the user identity (global effect): `git config --global user.name "Your Name"` and `git config --global user.email "your@email.com"`. An optional default editor can be configured (e.g., `notepad` for Windows). View configurations with `git config --list`. After initialization, files can be staged with `git add` and committed with `git commit -m "Commit message"`. Notes include: protecting the `.git` folder, distinguishing between global (`--global`) and local (`--local`) configurations, and using `git clone` (not `init`) to clone others' repositories. Following the above steps completes Git repository initialization and basic operations.
Read MoreEssential for Multi - Person Collaboration: Git Branch Management Strategies and Team Collaboration Norms
Git branch management is crucial in multi - person collaboration, as it can avoid code conflicts and chaos. The core is to isolate development tasks, allowing each member to work on independent branches before merging the results. Branch types include the main branch (`main`, stable and deployable), feature branches (`feature/*`), bugfix branches (`bugfix/*`), and hotfix branches (`hotfix/*`). The simplified GitHub Flow strategy is recommended: the main branch should always be clean and usable. Feature branches are developed by pulling from `main`. After completion, they are merged through PR/MR. Once the review is passed, they are merged into `main` and the branches are deleted. For collaboration norms, attention should be paid to: clear branch naming (e.g., `feature/login`), using a conventional commit message format (e.g., `feat: add a new feature`), prohibiting direct commits to the main branch, regularly synchronizing the main branch code during development, and attaching importance to code review. For common problem handling: conflicts should be resolved manually after pulling the main branch, commit messages can be modified using `git commit --amend`, and branches should be deleted promptly after merging. By mastering this specification, the team can collaborate efficiently and avoid chaos.
Read MoreGit Version Rollback: How to Undo an Incorrect Commit and Retrieve Code
Git version rollback requires scenario-specific handling to avoid sensitive information leaks or code loss. For un-pushed incorrect commits, use `git reset`: `--soft` retains modifications and only undoes the commit, allowing re-submission of correct content; `--hard` completely discards modifications (irreversible, use with caution). For pushed incorrect commits, use `git revert` to create a new undo commit (safe for collaboration), e.g., `git revert HEAD` or specify a hash value. If code is accidentally deleted, use `git reflog` to view operation history, find the target commit hash, then restore with `git reset --hard <hash>`. Note: Prefer `--soft` for un-pushed commits, always use `revert` for pushed commits, avoid `--hard` in multi-person collaboration, and confirm the commit hash before operations.
Read MoreDistributed Version Control: Differences between Git and SVN and Git's Advantages
Version control is a core tool for team collaboration, with Git and SVN being the mainstream choices, yet they differ significantly in architecture. SVN is centralized, where only the central server holds the repository, relying on networked commits and updates. It lacks a complete local history, has cumbersome branches, and makes conflict resolution complex. In contrast, Git is distributed, with each individual having a full local repository, enabling offline work. Git features lightweight branches (e.g., created with just a few commands), high efficiency in parallel development, and allows local resolution of merge conflicts. It also ensures data security (via a complete local repository) and boasts a well-established community ecosystem. Git excels in distributed flexibility (supporting offline operations), powerful branch management (facilitating parallel development), data security, and efficient merging. SVN is suitable for simple collaboration, while Git is better suited for complex collaboration scenarios in medium to large teams. Beginners are advised to first master Git's core concepts for higher long-term collaboration efficiency.
Read MoreGitignore File Configuration Guide: Keep Only What You Need in Your Repository
.gitignore is a core configuration file for Git repositories, used to specify files/folders that are not tracked, preventing repository bloat and sensitive information leaks. It is a text file in the root directory with one rule per line, and can be quickly generated using templates like gitignore.io. Core syntax includes: ignoring specific files/folders (e.g., temp.txt, logs/); using wildcards for batch ignoring (*.log, *.tmp); recursively ignoring subdirectories (**/temp.txt); negative rules (!debug.log); and comments (#). Common scenarios include ignoring node_modules/.env/dist/ in frontend projects, __pycache__/venv/ in Python projects, and system files like .DS_Store/Thumbs.db. If a file has already been tracked, it needs to be removed with `git rm --cached` before committing the .gitignore. Ensure accurate paths, distinguish between directories and files, rules take effect recursively, and avoid excluding the .gitignore file itself. Mastering .gitignore helps maintain a clean and efficient repository, enhancing collaboration experience.
Read MoreUnderstanding Git's HEAD Pointer: The Underlying Logic of Version Rollback
HEAD is a special pointer in Git that marks the current version's position, by default pointing to the latest commit of the current branch, acting as a "coordinate" for the timeline. It is closely associated with branches and by default follows the branch to its latest commit. Version rollback essentially involves modifying the HEAD pointer to jump from the current version to a historical version, at which point the branch will also move accordingly. For example, after rolling back to historical version B, the workspace state updates synchronously, and a new commit will generate a new version, advancing the branch forward. It is important to note the following when performing the operation: avoid rolling back pushed versions to prevent collaboration confusion; directly pointing to a historical commit will put you in a "detached HEAD" state, which requires manual handling. HEAD is a core element of version control, and understanding its role enables clear management of version iterations and rollbacks.
Read MoreGit Common Commands Quick Reference: Pull, Push, and Branch Switching All in One
Git is a version control tool that can record file modifications, revert versions, and support multi - person collaboration. The commonly used commands are as follows: Basic operations: Use `git init` to initialize a local repository, and `git clone 地址` to clone a remote repository. Daily operations: `git status` to check the file status, `git add` to stage modifications (use `git add .` to stage all changes), and `git commit -m "message"` to commit to the local repository. Branch operations: `git branch` to view branches, `git checkout -b 分支名` to create and switch to a branch, and `git merge 分支名` to merge branches. Pull and push: `git pull 远程 分支` to pull code, and `git push 远程 分支` to push (add `-u` for the first time). Undo and recovery: `git checkout -- 文件` to undo uncommitted modifications, and `git reset --soft HEAD~1` to revert the last commit (retaining modifications). Notes: The commit message should be clear, follow the branch naming conventions, always `pull` before collaboration to avoid conflicts, and use `git reset --hard` with caution. Core commands: `init`, `clone`, `add`, `commit`, `status`, `checkout`, `merge`
Read More详解Git暂存区：为何需先执行add再进行commit？
This article introduces Git's staging area and core operation logic. Git consists of three areas: the working directory (where files are manipulated), the staging area (a transfer station), and the local repository (historical versions). The staging area is a critical filter before commits. The core logic is "add first, then commit": the staging area allows step-by-step commits (e.g., dividing a novel into chapters), preventing accidental commits of incomplete work. `git add` adds modifications from the working directory to the staging area, while `git commit` submits the staged content to the local repository to form a version. Key points: Committing directly without adding will prompt "nothing to commit". `git reset HEAD <filename>` can undo changes in the staging area. The staging area enables flexible commits, ensures version clarity, and acts as the "final checkpoint" before Git commits. In summary, the staging area, through filtering and transfer, enables staged commits, modification checks, and flexible adjustments, being a core design to avoid accidental commits and maintain historical clarity.
Read MoreEssential Git Tips for Beginners: 3 Practical Techniques to Resolve Branch Merge Conflicts
Conflicts during Git branch merging are a common issue in collaborative development, and mastering 3 techniques can resolve them effortlessly. **Technique 1: Understand Conflict Markers** Locate the conflicting files by identifying markers like `<<<<<<< HEAD` and `=======`. Modify the files based on business logic to retain the desired code. After resolving, execute `git add` and continue the merging process. **Technique 2: Use Visual Tools** Leverage editors like VS Code to auto-highlight conflict regions. Resolve conflicts quickly via buttons such as "Accept Current Change," "Accept Incoming Change," or "Merge Changes," for a more intuitive experience. **Technique 3: Prevent Conflicts at the Source** Reduce conflicts by first pulling the latest code from the target branch (`git pull`) before merging. Additionally, adopt small-step merging (e.g., merging small features daily) to avoid excessive divergence. **Core Principle**: Resolve conflicts efficiently by first manually understanding markers, then using tools, and finally preparing in advance.
Read MoreGetting Started with Git from Scratch: From Cloning a Repository to Committing Code
This article introduces the core knowledge of Git, a distributed version control system. Git is used to manage code changes, supporting multi - person collaboration and version rollback. To install Git, download the corresponding system version (Windows/macOS/Linux) from the official website and verify it using the command `git --version`. Configure the identity by using `git config --global` to set the name and email. Before cloning a remote repository, copy its URL and execute `git clone` to get it on the local machine. A Git repository is divided into the working area (for editing), the staging area (for pending commits), and the local repository (for versions). The workflow is: make modifications → `git add` to stage → `git commit` to commit → `git push` to push. Common commands include `status` to check the status, `log` to view the history, and `pull` to fetch. The core process is: clone → modify → stage → commit → push. With more practice, you can master it.
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